140 BIRDS OF EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA 



(^ $ AIdovc red brown, greyer on crown, dark spots on head, 

 scapulars and back ; rump, upper tail coverts and vent olive 

 brown ; beneath grey, flanks browner with dark striations ; 

 2nd primary longer than 7th by at least 2-4 m.m. Bill black 

 brown, paler below at base. Legs and feet light brown. Wing 

 S ? 65-70. Tarsus 19-21. Bill 9-10. 



Breeds. — Continental Europe to about 70 N. ; east to Urals, 

 south to N, Spain, Mountains of Italy, Corsica, Sardinia ; also 

 Asia Minor. Partial migrant j occurs on passage British Isles. 

 Rare in N.W. Africa. 



P. modularis occidentalis (Hartert). Throat and breast 

 darker, flanks darker, striations less conspicuous ; 2nd primary 

 equal to or 1-2 m.m. longer than 7th. Bill stouter. 



Breeds. — British Isles. Mostly resident, some migrate. 



P. modularis obscura Tratz. Almost uniform deep dark 

 brown on crown and nape ; back darker than in " modularis," 

 resembling "occidentalis," but underparts paler than latter form ; 

 wing as in " occidentalis " ; bill shorter. 



Breeds. — N. Portugal. 



" P. m. mabbotti " Harper has been described from E. Pyrenees ; 

 greyer than "modularis" and "occidentalis," 2nd primary equal 

 to 7th ; but its status is very doubtful, as is that of "occidentalis " 

 and "obscura," the wing distinction being not constant. 



P. modularis orientalis (Sharpe). Crown less grey than in 

 "modularis," more uniform with back ; underparts browner with 

 paler margins, giving a scale-like appearance on breast. Wing 

 formula as in "occidentalis." Bill as in "modularis," 



Breeds. — S. Caucasus and Transcaucasia. 



TROGLODYTID^. 



Bill narrow, elongated; rictal bristles scanty or absent; 

 nostrils free, partly covered by membrane; wing short and 

 rounded, ist primary well developed ; plumage soft and thick. 



Troglodytes. 



Legs and feet strong; sexes alike; nest domed; eggs 

 \vhite, red spotted. 



