U2 BIRDS OF EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA 



T. troglodytes hyrcanus Sarudny and Loudoun. Intermediate 

 between "troglodytes" and "T. t. pallidus" of C. Persia; paler 

 than former and more distinctly barred ; 2nd primary equal to 

 longest secondary. 



Resident. — Caucasus, N. Persia to Talysch ; possibly also 

 Crimea. 



CiNCLUS. 



Allied to Wrens ; tail short ; bill straight with a slight 

 upward bend from nostrils ; nest domed ; eggs white ; frequent 



Cinclus cinclus cinclus (L.). Dipper. Fr. Aguassiere ; 

 Ger. Wasserschwatzer ; Ital. Merlo acquaiolo ; Siued. Strom- 

 stare. 



$ ? Above slate grey with black scale-like margins ; crown, 

 face, and hind neck chocolate brown ; throat and upper breast 

 white ; flanks and under tail coverts slaty grey ; rest of underparts 

 blackish brown, with a slight reddish tinge at junction with white 

 of breast. Bill blackish. Legs and feet brown. Wing ^ 94-98, 

 ? 88-91. Tarsus 28-30 (H.). Bill 14-16. 



Breeds. — Scandinavia to above Arctic Circle, Lapland, Finland, 

 Russia north to 65° and east to Urals, Baltic Provinces ; also 

 Picos de Europa, N. Spain (Witherby). Chiefly resident ; a few 

 occur in winter E. Russia and Germany, very rare elsewhere, 

 several times in England, once in Shetland. 



C. cinclus toritannicus Tschusi. Above like "cinclus" but 

 beneath there is a cinnamon band between the white breast and 

 dark abdomen. Wing ^ 87-95, ? 84-92. 



Resident. — Great Britain. 



C. cinclus hibernicus Hartert. Like "britannicus " but upper 

 parts darker, less slate grey and cinnamon band between breast 

 and abdomen narrower. 



Reside ?it. — Ireland. 



C. cinclus pyrenaicus Dresser. Like " cinclus " but paler 

 above, crown lighter and black margins narrower ; generally a 

 little chestnut on lower breast, but often not. 



Re side n t. — Pyrenees. 



