PASSERES— HIRUNDINID.E 143 



Spanish birds (C. and S. Spain) are redder on head and 

 have more chestnut on breast ; they do not aj^ree with either 

 " aquaticus '" or " meridionalis." 



C. cinclus aquaticus IJechstein. Very near " britannicus" 

 but head is paler and margins on upper feathers narrower. 



Resident. — Belgium, France (except S.E.), N. Switzerland, 

 Germany, Pohmd, Carpathians, Transylvanian Alps, N. 

 Rumania. 



C. cinclus meridionalis lirehm. Close to "aquaticus" 

 but crown and upper parts still paler, chestnut of under- 

 parls occasionally brighter and more extended, but not 

 constant. 



y?t'j/V/6V//.— S.E. France, S. Switzerland, Italy, Sicily, Austria, 

 Croatia, Balkan Peninsula. Has occurred on Mediterranean 

 Coast of Egypt. 



" C. cinclus orientalis" Stresemann has been described from 

 Macedonia ; head and neck darker and breast lighter than 

 "meridionalis," but requires further confirmation. 



C. cinclus sapsworthi Arrigoni. Beneath like "cinclus"; 

 above, crown and hind neck paler and greyer even than in 

 "pyrenaicus." Wing ^ 88-92, 9 81-83 (H.)- 



Resident— CoYs\c?i and Sardinia. 



C. cinclus minor Tristram. Bill about 2 m.m. longer ; 

 cinnamon band brighter and redder than in " meridionalis." 

 Resident. — Atlas Mountains, Algeria and Morocco. 



C. cinclus caucasicus Madarasz. Nearest to "aquaticus" 

 but brown of breast and abdomen lighter, with a tinge of 

 cinnamon nearest the white. 



Resident. — Caucasus to N. and S.E. Persia, Asia Minor, 

 Cyprus. 



HIRUNDINID./E. 



Bill sliurt, triangular; gape very wide; tarsus very short; 

 wing with 9 primaries visible ; food, insects captured while 

 flying. 



