278 BIRDS OF EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA 



brown, axillarics white. In winter : above uniform brown ; beneath 

 greyer and streaks less pronounced. Iiill (summer) black, reddish 

 at base, (winter) black brown, base orange yellow. Legs and 

 feet (summer) orange red, (winter) orange yellow. Wing 150-160. 

 Tarsus 44-48. Bill 39-43. ? usually the larger. 



Breeds. — British Isles, and Continental Europe south from 

 N. Norway ; Morocco ; also in W. Asia. Winters on Norwegian 

 Coasts (few), British Coasts (many), but majority in south of 

 Europe and through Africa to Cape Colony. 



T. totanus robustus Schioler. 



Larger than "totanus," with stronger but not longer bill and 

 legs and longer wing ; in spring fore part of breast and sides 

 very strongly spotted. Wing $ ? 160-169. Bill 39-44. 



Breeds. — Iceland and probably Faroes. Some winter there, 

 but majority migrate and winter in British Isles and reach even 

 to Morocco. 



Totanus melanoleucus (Gmelin). Greater Yellow- 

 shank. 



(^ $ In size and appearance resemble " T. nebularius" but 

 legs longer and yellow and bill very slightly bent upwards. 

 Wing 188-202. Tarsus 58-65. Bill 55-57. 



An American species ; has occurred very rarely in England. 



Totanus flavipes (Gmelin). Yellowshank. 



^ ? Resemble "T. glareola" but larger, with brown lower 

 back ; upper tail coverts white with some dark bars, axillaries 

 white with faint brownish bars. Legs and feet yellow. Wing 

 156-170. Tarsus 48-58. Bill 35-43- 



Also an American species ; has occurred six times in British 

 Isles. 



Totanus stagnatilis Bechstein. Marsh Sandpiper. 

 Gcr. Teichwasserlaufer ; Ital Albastrello. 



^ $ summer. Above buff brown, with diagonal dark bars and 

 streaks ; lower back and rump white, upper tail coverts mostly 

 white ; tail feathers white, central pair barred black, remainder 

 mottled brown on outer edge ; secondaries grey brown ; beneath 

 white, with black spots on throat, chest and flanks ; under 

 wing coverts and axillaries white. Bill black. Legs and feet 



