ISO BIRDS OF EUROPE AND NORTH\\FRICA 



not reaching inner margin ; tail with white or rufous spots on 

 both webs ; beneath white sparsely spotted on breast and more 

 boldly on abdomen and flanks. $ more boldly spotted on 

 underparts. Wing (^ 350-372, $ 390-420. Tarsus 50-55. Bill 

 from cere, ^ 20-22, $ 24-25-5(11.). Young closely resemble ?. 



Breeds. — European plains from Danube near Vienna, east 

 through Bulgaria, Rumania, S. Russia, to Turkestan, S.W. Siberia 

 and S.W. Asia ; in Russia north to about 55°. Partly migratory ; 

 occurs in winter in Egypt, Abyssinia, and India ; also S. Italy 

 and occasionally farther west in Europe. 



Palco rusticolus rusticolus L. Jer-Falcon. Ger. 

 Gerfalke ; Sivcd. Jagtfalk. 



$ $ Above slaty brown with pale grey bars, bluish slate 

 on rump, upper tail coverts and tail, which also are barred grey ; 

 hind neck generally with much white ; beneath white with dark 

 drop-like streaks ; tail and flanks barred slaty brown ; 4th 

 primary shorter than ist. Bill bluish horn, yellowish at base. 

 Cere, legs and feet yellow. ^ Wing 350-372. Tarsus 50-61. 

 Bill from cere 23-24. $ Wing 385-402. Bill from cere 

 25-27 (W.). Young : above brown with buff" margins, not 

 barred; tail barred dull buff"; beneath white boldly streaked 

 dark brown ; cere, legs and feet grey. 



Resitient. — Norway, Sweden, Lapland, N. Russia. Occasional 

 in winter to south as far as Belgium and Germany ; very rare 

 in Britain or farther south in Europe. 



P. rusticolus candicans Gmelin. Greenland Falcon. 



Very variable irrespective of age ; one form much the same 

 as typical " rusticolus " but larger. There is also a white form : 

 above white with irregular long heavy dark drop-like spots ; 

 quills pure white on inner web, irregularly barred on outer ; 

 tail pure white ; beneath white with a few long black marks. 

 Wing $ 370-400, $ 400-435. Tarsus 58-60, 9 65-70. Bill 

 $ 20-23, $ 26-27. 



Resident. — Greenland, Arctic America to Alaska, and N. 

 Siberia. Casual in W. Europe. Recorded Iceland, Faroes, 

 British Isles, Scandinavia, Belgium, W. Germany, France. 



P. rusticolus islandus Briinnich. Iceland Falcon. Very 

 similar to "rusticolus'^ but crown and nape whiter and bars 



