184 BIRDS OF EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA 



B?-eeds. — From Poland south through Austria and Hungar)^ to 

 Greece ; Italy, especially south, Sardinia, Sicily, Spain, N.W. 

 Africa, Steppes of S. Russia north to Orenburg, Caucasus and 

 in W. Asia. Migrates ; occurs in Egypt chiefly on passage, a few 

 breed ; winters in tropical and S. Africa ; rarely occurs in N.W. 

 Europe, including British Isles. 



P. naumanni pekinensis Swinhoe. $ Greater and part of 

 lesser wing coverts grey with rufous margins. 



Eastern Asiatic race ; winters in India and E. and S. Africa ; 

 occurs in Egypt on spring passage. 



Palco tinnunculus tinnunculus L. Kestrel. Fr. 

 Faucon cresserelle; Ger. Turmfalk; Ital. Gheppio; Sived. Tornfalk. 



$ Above vinaceous chestnut with triangular black spots, 

 crown and nape grey with black shaft streaks, upper tail coverts 

 and tail grey, latter tipped white and with a black subterminal 

 band ; beneath deep reddish buff with large dark spots except on 

 abdomen and under tail coverts ; ist and 2nd primaries notched 

 on inner web at tip, ist shorter than 3rd. Bill blue horn with 

 black tip. Cere pale yellow. Legs and feet yellow, claws black. 

 Iris dark brown. ? resembles 9 of "naumanni" but larger. 

 Wing (^ 230-248, $ 250-265. Tarsus 39-41. Bill 13-14. Young: 

 like $ , but paler. 



Breeds. — Europe, including British Isles, from about 68° in 

 Scandinavia and 61° in Russia to Mediterranean ; N.W. Africa ; 

 also in W. Asia. Migratory in north ; occurs Egypt on 

 passage ; in winter ranges to tropical Africa, India, and China. 

 Breeding birds from N.W. Africa are much more brick red 

 on upper parts approaching Canary Island races, but measure- 

 ments are as in typical form, which certainly occurs there in 

 winter. 



P. tinnunculus rupicolaeformis Brehm. $ Underparts 

 much darker, approaching the very dark race from tropical Africa 

 " F. tinnunculus carlo." 9 Above darker and redder than ? 

 "tinnunculus." 



Resident. — Egypt, Nubia, and Palestine. 



P. tinnunculus canariensis Koenig. Smaller and darker than 

 " tinnunculus " ; in $ head darker grey with broader streaks ; 

 upper parts more brick red. Wing $ 215-226, 9 226-240(1!.)., 



