186 BIRDS OF EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA 



A. chrysaetus occidentalis Olphc-Galliard. Darker coloured, 

 crown and nape less tawny ; tarsal feathering- brown. Wing 

 $ 580-600, ? 615-680 (H.). 



Resident. — Spain, Morocco, Algeria,Tunis, Tripoli. 



Aquila heliaca heliaca Savigny. Imperial Eagle. 

 Gc7'. Kaiseradler. 



$ ? adult. Claws and feet much smaller than in "chrysaetus," 

 $ chord hind claw 31. Crown and hind neck paler (almost 

 white in old examples, forecrown generally dark brown) than 

 in Golden Eagle ; some white feathers on scapulars ; tail grey 

 brown with dark bars and tips, central pair more buff; under- 

 parts chocolate brown. Bill bluish black, pale horn at base ; 

 nostrils ear-shaped. Cere, legs and feet yellow. Iris in young 

 slate grey, in adults pale yellow with nut - brown markings. 

 Wing $ 570-610, 9 610-615. Tarsus 90-110. Bill from cere, 

 42-47 (H.). Young : mottled all shades of brown, buff or black, 

 crown always ochreous or pale rufous brown. 



Breeds. — S.E. Europe, Hungary to Balkans, and S. Russia 

 from Novgorod and Orenburg to Caucasus ; also Asia to Punjaub. 

 Migratory only in north of its range ; occurs in Egypt and Arabia 

 in winter ; rare in N. and W. Europe. 



A. heliaca adalberti Brehm. ^ $ fully adult. Upper parts 

 chocolate brown with tawny tips, forecrown darker ; lesser wing 

 coverts white, but only occasionally white feathers on scapulars. 

 Young : above mottled brown, sandy, and clay colour, more 

 or less rufous ; paler on crown and hind neck than young 

 "heliaca"; beneath yellowish to reddish buff. 



Resident. — C. and S. Spain, also reported from Algeria and 

 Morocco. 



Aquila rapax belisarius (Levaillant). 



$ 9 Light brown, mottled with darker feathers ; primaries 

 black ; tail faintly barred grey ; nostril, long, ear-shaped, vertical. 

 Bill horn blue. Cere, legs and feet yellow. Iris brown. Wing 

 (? 530-550* ? 540-580 (H.). 



Resident. — Morocco, N. Algeria, N. Tunis ; has occurred rarely 

 in Spain, Sardinia and Italy. 



The typical race "A. rapax rapax" is Central and South 

 African. 



