ACCIPITRES-AQUriJD.'E 187 



Aquila nipalensis orientalis Cal)anis. 

 ,{ (^ adult. Dark brown (occasionally rufous on nape or 

 entire crown) ; tail faintly barred grey; nostrils long, vertical, ear- 

 shaped. An intermediate plumage is lighter brown generally 

 with some white on wing coverts and upper tail coverts, liill 

 and claws horn black. Cere, angle of mouth, legs and feet 

 yellow. Iris brown. AVing $ 520-570, ? 580-615 (H.). Tarsus 

 $ go. Bill (^ 40. Young : brown, much mixed with rufous 

 on scapulars, secondaries, lesser and median wing coverts, 

 upper tail coverts and underparts including under wing. 



Breeds. — Danube Delta, S. Russia north to Kiev and Volga 

 mouth, Caucasus and S.W. Asia ; occurs in winter in E. Africa. 



The typical race "A. n. nipalensis" is Asiatic. 



Aquila clanga Pallas. Spotted Eagle. Fr. Aigle criard ; 

 Ge?: Cirosser Schreiadler ; Ital. Aquila anatraia maggiore. 



$ $ adult. Dark brown, paler on head, with purple gloss on 

 back, upper parts often with much white; nostrils round; 7th 

 primary not over 60 m.m. shorter than longest and outer web 

 markedly emarginated. Bill horn black, bluish towards cere. 

 Cere, legs and feet yellow. Iris brown. Wing ^ 490-530, 9 500- 

 550 (W.). Tarsus 85-100. Pill 43-47. Young: above dark 

 brown, paler and redder on head with dark buff apical drop-like 

 spots on back and large white or buff spots on wings and 

 scapulars ; beneath dark brown with broad central stripes of 

 fulvous. In some the spots are more profuse above, and the 

 underparts unspotted red brown; in another variation ("A. 

 fulvescens") the upper parts are very white, tinged or mixed with 

 reddish buff and the underparts whitish or deep reddish buff. 



B?rcds. — From Macedonia and Croatia north through Hungary 

 and Poland to Livonia, Russia to 60'' N. and east through 

 Siberia. Rare in Europe to west of breeding range, at least 

 six times in Britain. Partly migratory ; occurs Egypt and S. Asia 

 in winter. 



Aquila pomarina pomarina Brehm. Lesser Spotted 

 Eagle. Fr. Aigle tachetc ; Gcr. Kleiner Schreiadler ; Ifal. Aquila 

 anatraia minore. 



$ $ adult. Brown, paler on wings and head and paler 

 altogether than "clanga"; bill also weaker; nostrils round; 



