304 BIRDS OF EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA 



Larus minutus Pallas. Little Gull. Ger. Zwergmowe ; 

 Ital. Gabbianello ; Siued. Dvargmas. 



$ $ summer. Head and throat black ; neck, upper back, 

 tail, and underparts white, rosy tinged on breast and abdomen ; 

 scapulars, lower back, and upper wing coverts light grey ; under 

 wing coverts slaty grey, primaries above light grey with white 

 tips, below slaty grey with tips white. Bill dark red. Legs and 

 feet red. In winter, head is white, occiput and a spot behind 

 eye grey. Wing 213-230. Tarsus 25-27. Bill 20-22. Young : 

 above brown with white tips, secondaries bordered white on outer 

 \vebs, tail with brown terminal band, bill dark brown, legs and 

 feet flesh colour. 



Breeds. — Russia from Archangel south to Moscow, abundant 

 on Lake Ladoga ; Baltic Provinces, Gulf of Bothnia, Sweden 

 (Upland and Jemtland), Gothland and Oland, N.E. Prussia, 

 Denmark, and widely in N. Asia. Migrates ; occurs on passage 

 and in winter on North Sea Coasts and in ^Mediterranean, 

 Black and Caspian Seas, and also in E. Asia. Irregular visitor 

 to British Isles. Has occurred Faroes, Bermuda, and States of 

 New York and Maine, 



Larus ridibundus ridibundus L. Black-headed 

 Gull. Fr. Gotland rieur ; Ger. Lachmowe ; Ital. Gabbiano 

 comune ; Siued. Skrattmase. 



(I 5 summer. Head, throat, and foreneck sooty brown ; 

 eye-rim white, interrupted in front ; hind neck, tail, and underparts 

 white ; back, scapulars, and upper wing coverts pale grey ; four 

 outer primaries black tipped, ist primary white, with outer web 

 except small part near tip and inner part of inner web black, 

 in the next three only outer web black near tip, inner primaries 

 grey. Bill, legs and feet red. In winter head and throat white, 

 with some grey feathers on occiput, and dark spot in front of 

 eye and behind ear coverts. \Ying 280-310. Tarsus 41-46. Bill 

 27-32. Young : brown above, upper wing coverts light grey, 

 primaries black, with white shafts and tip and white stripe on 

 inner web, bill flesh coloured with dark brown tip, legs and 

 feet pale flesh. 



Breeds. — Faroes, British Isles, Continental Europe from S. 

 Scandinavia, Finland, and N. Russia south to S. France, N. Italy, 

 Danube Valley and in Russia to Perm and \'ologda ; and also 



