312 BIRDS OF EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA 



birds, which do not change), mostly white, upper parts being 

 black with white tips, tail and wings as in summer. Young have 

 white wing coverts mottled with black. Wing 155-166. Tarsus 

 30-34. Bill 30-35. 



Breeds. — Iceland, Faroes, Scotland, Ireland, Isle of Man, 

 Scandinavia to N. Cape and east along Murman Coast to White 

 Sea, in Baltic on Bornholm, Aland Islands, and Swedish and 

 Finnish Coasts to north of Bothnian Gulf; also S. Greenland 

 and E. Coast of N. America to Maine. Winters in N. Atlantic. 



U. grylle mandti Lichtenstein. Bill more slender than in 

 "grylle" ; greater wing coverts white to bases. In winter, much 

 whiter above, white tips much longer and rump pure white. 

 Wing i6i-i7r. Tarsus 29-31. Bill 26-30. 



Breeds. — Bear Island, Spitzbergen, Franz Joseph Land, Nova 

 Zembla, Waigatz, and on Coasts of Siberia, Arctic N. America 

 and Greenland. Mostly winters in Arctic regions, occasionally 

 comes south on E. Coast of America. 



Pratercula. 



Bill peculiar, sideways compressed, greatest thickness less 

 than half its height at base; nares close to cutting edge of 

 bill, in narrow longitudinal slits ; nest in burrow's or holes 

 in cliffs; egg one, yellow white faintly spotted brown. 



Pratercula arctica arctica (L.). Puffin. Fr. 

 Macareux ; Ger. Lund ; Swed. Lunefogel. 



(J $ Upper parts and collar black, sides of head, chin 

 and upper throat grey ; beneath white. Bill in breeding season 

 bluish grey at base, apical portion carmine with yellow ridges 

 and bands across yellow, at base of upper mandible a raised 

 rim is yellow and at mouth angle is an orange rosette of raised 

 skin. At the same season above and below eye are raised blue 

 grey patches of horny skin. Legs and feet orange. In autumn, 

 the raised rim at base of bill, the rosette at mouth angle 

 and patches above and below the eye drop off and bill becomes 

 smaller. Wing 158-177 (H.). Bill 33-44. Height of bill at base 

 31-44. Young have smaller bills without ornamentation. 



