324 BIRDS OF EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA 



or grey brown and black, either uniform or vermiculated, and 

 more or less mixed with white ; wings, breast, abdomen, and 

 under tail coverts white ; tail, central pair white, remainder 

 black, tipped white. Bill black. Comb red. Wing (^ 187-205, 

 9 180-193. Tarsus 33-35. Bill 10-12. $ Dark brown with 

 ochreous bars, greater wing coverts, quills, and abdomen (more 

 or less) white. In winter, in both sexes plumage is white except 

 shafts of primaries, which are black, and tail, where central pair 

 feathers white, remainder black tipped white. In $ lores also 

 are black. 



Resident. — Norway north from 58''lat., C. and N. Sweden, 

 Russia from White Sea south to about 61° in Urals. 



L. mutus helveticus (Theinemann). Like "mutus" but 

 summer plumage with no white mixing, and general colour more 

 greyish. In winter, like "mutus." 



Resident. — Alpine regions, Savoy and S. Bavaria to Carinthia, 



L. mutus cinereus Macgillivray. In completely moulted 

 summer plumage like " helveticus," with no white spots ; but 

 darker at other seasons than "helveticus," in autumn a clearer 

 grey, and in winter generally not pure white, but mixed with 

 some dark spots. 



Resident. — Scottish Highlands (including some of Inner 

 Hebrides), seldom nesting below 2000 feet level. 



L. mutus pyrenaicus Hartert. ^ in breeding plumage very 

 similar to "cinereus" and "helveticus" but more rusty yellow 

 above and with broader markings. 9 less grey than typical 

 "mutus," and not so orange brown above as ? "cinereus" and 

 "helveticus." 



Reside?it. — Pyrenees, above 6000 feet. 



L. mutus hyperboreus Sundevall. Larger and with broader 

 bill and longer tail. Wing over 210. Tarsus 35-38. 

 Resident. — Spitzbergen and Franz Joseph Land. 



L. mutus islandorum (Faber). Like Continental forms, but 

 ^ in summer more red brown with stronger bill ; in autumn 

 plumage much browner. 



Resident. — Iceland. 



