20. RAIID^ RAIA. 
39 
40. T. occideiitalis Storer. — Cramp-fi«h ; Torpedo; Numb-fish. 
First dorsal more than twice as large as second, placed over the veu- 
tralsj spiracles not fringed, their edges smooth; color almost uniform 
black, with obscure darker spots ; beneath white ; length 2 to 5 feet ; 
breadth ^ of length, the disk very blunt or almost emarginate in front. 
Atlantic coast ; not very common. 
(Storer, Ain. Jonrn. Soi. Arts, 45, p. 1(55; Storer, Fislies Mas.s. 247.5 
4'3'. T. c alii fo mica Ayres. — California Cramp-fish. 
Dark grayish brown above, thickly spotted with black ; disk broad 
and rounded, forming more than half the entire length ; teeth small, 
veiy sharp. Coast of California. {Ayres.) 
(Ayres, Proc. C.al. Ac. Nat. Sci. 18.54, 70.) 
Super-family RAIOIDEA. 
{The True Rays.) 
Family XX.— RAIID^. 
{The S hates.) 
Rays with the disk broad, rhombic, more or less .spinous or rough ; 
tail stout, rather long, with a longitudinal fold on each side, the skin 
commonly rough with spines ; usually two dorsal tins and sometimes a 
caudal tin present on the tail ; pectoral tins extending to the snout ; 
ventrals large ; no serrated spine on the tail ; no electric organs ; ovi- 
parous, the eggs being laid in large leathery egg-cases, four-angled, with 
two long tubular ‘ ‘ horns ” at each end. Genera 4 or more ; species 40, most 
of them belonging to the genus Rant. Skates of generally small .size ; 
foimd in all seas. 
* Caudal liu rudimeutary or absent; pectorahs not conltuent around tbo snout ; ven- 
trals deeply notcbed Raia, 37. 
37.— RAIA Liu iiaius, 1758. 
Rays. 
(Artedi — Liiinieus, Syst. Nat. : ty^ie Iluia clarata L.) 
This genus, as here understood, comprises all those Raiida' which have 
the pectoral tins not continued around the snout, the ventrals deeply 
notched, and the (;andal tin little develoi)ed or wanting; the tail is very 
di.stinct from the disk, and is provided with two rayed dorsal tins ; the 
.skin of the body is usually more or le.ss .spinous ; tln^ dentition differs 
in the two sexes, and the male is usuall)i' ]»rovided with a differentiated 
patch of spines on each pectoral. Species numerous. 
