450 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
with numerous liorny, barbed or booked teeth. Gills 4, a slit behind 
the fourth. Gill-membranes either free or more or less joined to the 
isthmus. Gill-rakers rather long. Pseudobranchim present. Cheeks 
sealy. Preopercle entire or serrate. Lateral line well developed. Dor- 
sal lin single, long, with the spines few or weak, often obsolete ; anal fin 
long, similar to the soft dorsal, usually with three small spines, which 
are often dei>ressible in a fold of skin ; ventrals thoracic or jugular, 
normally I, 5, but sometimes reduced or altogetlrer wanting ; caudal fin 
lunate or forked. Usually no air-bladder. Pyloric coeca commonly nu- 
nierons Vertebrie more than 10 + 14. Genera about 5; species 25-30. 
Small fishes, found in most warm seas. The two subfamilies, both repre- 
sented in our waters, differ widely from each other in general appear- 
ance, but agree in the singular character of teeth in the oesophagus. 
{Sconihridcc and Carangidce, pt. Giinther, ii. 397-404, 485. Genera Stromateus, Ccntro- 
lophus, and Pammclas.) 
* Ventral fins minute or absent; opercular bones entire; scales minute; caudal fin 
forked; preinaxillaries not protractile. {Stromate'mos.) 
a. Caudal peduncle not keeled ; gill-membranes free from the isthmus. 
Stromateus, 232. 
** Ventral tins well developed; V. I, 5; scales moderate ; premaxillaries protractile; 
caudal lunate. (Centrolophince.) 
1). Dorsal spines short and stout ; preopercle, interopercle, and subopercle finely 
serrate Liuus, 233. 
232. — Siri20I7IATEILr§ Linmeus. 
Harvest Fishes. 
{Pe 2 :)rilus and Ehomhus Cuvier: Poronotus Gill.) 
(Artedi; Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. : typo Stromateus fiatola L.) 
Body ovate or suborbicular, strongly compressed, tapering into a 
slender caudal Tteduncle, which is not keeled or shielded. Head short, 
compressed, the profile obtuse. Mouth small, terminal, the jaws sub- 
equal. Premaxillaries not protractile. Jaws each with a single series 
■of weak teeth. Scales very small, cycloid, silvery, loosely inserted, 
extending on the vertical fins. Opercular bones entire. Gill-mem- 
branes separate, free from the isthmus ; gill-rakers moderate. Lateral 
line continuous, concurrent with the back. Dorsal fin long, more or 
less elevated in front, preceded by a few indistinct spines — usually one 
or more i)rocumbent spines in front of dorsal and anal, each of these 
with a free ])oint both anteiiorly and i)Osteriorly ; anal fin similar to 
dorsal, or shorter, usually with three small spines ; ventral fins wanting 
in the adult, a rudiment sometimes visible in the young; a single small. 
