14 i CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY lY. 
1(>9. Q. Baces’a Jor. &. Brayt. — ITare-lq) Snclier; Ciit-^.qys; S 2 )lU-mouih Sucker; Man 
Sucker; liahhit-mouth Sucker. 
Head short, conical, with lengthened snout, the region between the 
eyes flattened and with prominent mncons ridges. Cheeks and lower 
part of head rather swollen. Opercle much reduced, its greatest length 
scarcely greater than the diameter of the eye. Head about 4f in length. 
Eye 4^ in length of head, about 2 in length of the snout, its situation 
thus quite posterior. Length of the top of the head 2| in the distance 
from the snout to the base of the dorsal. Body rather slender, the form 
being between that of Moxostoma cervinum and M. macrolepidotiimj the 
depth 4| in the length. Dorsal fln rather low, its rays I, 12; A. I, 7 ; 
V. 9. Scales 5-45-5. Color olive or bluish brown above; sides and 
belly silvery ; lower tins faintly orange. Ohio Valley and southward. 
A singular species, abundant in some sections (Scioto Biver, Clinch 
lliver, Chickamauga Eiver), bnt overlooked by naturalists until lately. 
{Lafjochila lacvra Jovdau & Brayton, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1877, 280: Lagoclnla 
lacera .Jordan, Man. Vert. cd. 2, dll : .Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2, 400; Jordan, Ball. U. 
S. Nat. Mas. xii, 106.) 
Family XXXI.— CYPPJNID.F. 
{The Carps.) 
Cyitrinoid fishes with the margin of the upper jaw formed by the pre- 
maxillaries alone and tlie lower pharyngeal bones well developed, falci- 
form, nearly parallel with the gill-arches, each provided with 1-3 series 
of teeth in small number, 4-7 in the main row, and a less number in the 
others if more are present. Head naked. Body scaly (except in ilfcdu, 
FIaf/ 02 )tenis, Plioxinellus, and Aulopijge). Barbels 2 or 4 ; absent in most 
of our genera, and not large in any. Belly usually rounded, rarely 
compressed, never serrated. Gill-openings moderate, the membranes 
broadly joined to the isthmus. Brachiostegals always 3. Gills 4, a 
slit behind the fourth. Pseudobranchi® present (except in Ortliodon, 
etc.). No adipose fin. Dorsal fin short in American species, elongate 
in many Old AVorld forms. Ventral fins abdominal. Air-bladder 
usually large, commonly divided into an anterior and posterior lobe, 
rarely wanting, not enclosed in a bony capsule. Stomach Avithout 
ap^iendages, appearing as a simple enlargement of the intestines. 
Fishes of moderate or small size, inhabiting the fresh waters of the 
Old World and of North America. Genera about 200 ; species nearly 
1,000; excessively abundant where found, both in indi>'iduals and 
species, and, from their great uniformity in size, form, and coloration, 
constituting one of the most difficult groups in natural histoiy in 
