266 CONTlilUUTIONS TO NOUTII AMElilCAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
ing nearly to middle of eye. Mandible little projecting, the tip included. 
Gill-rakers longer than eye, very slender and nnmerous, close set. Op- 
ercles, top of head, and scaj)nlar region with conspicuons branching 
tubes and striae. Insertion of dorsal considerably nearer snont than 
base of caudal. Pectorals and ventrals with sheathing scales. Head 
4; depth 5. D. 15; A. 17; Lat. 1. 53; scutes 18+14. L. 13 inches. 
Pacific coast of Xorth and South America ; very abundant, spawning 
in the sea. Eesembles the European Sardine [C. pilcliardus)^ but has 
no teeth, and the belly less strongly serrate. 
(Jenyus, Zool. Beagle, Fisli. 134; Mcletta coerulea Girard, U. S. Pac. E. E. Svirv. x, 
330: Alosa musica Grd. U. S. Nav. Astron. Exped. Zodl. 246: Alausa califortiica Gill, 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 281: Giiuther, vii', 443.) 
aa. Ventral serratnres strong. 
J). Jaws witli i)ersisteut teeth, at least on premaxillaries, and sometimes on sym- 
l)hysis of lower jaw. 
442. C. clarysacSiloris (Eaf.) Jor. & Gilb . — Ohio Shad; Skqyjaclc. 
Brilliant blue above; sides silvery, with golden reflections; no dark 
spot behind opercle. Body elliptical, highest near the middle, much 
comiu'essed. Head rather slender and pointed, its upper jn'otile 
straight. Lower jaw strongly jirojecting, its tip entering the profile; 
upper jaw emarginate. Premaxillarj", and often tip of lower jaw, with 
moderate-sized teeth. INIaxilhiry large, reaching to opposite posterior 
part of eye. Eye large, well covered by adipose eyelid. Fins moderate. 
Caudal jieduncle slender, the caudal widely forked. Gill-rakers com- 
])aratively few, short, stout, and coarse, about 23 below the angle of the 
arch. Opercles with radiating and branching strirn. Peritoneum pale. 
Head 3|; depth 3^. Eye shorter thau-snout, 4^ in head. D. 10; A. 18; 
Lat. 1. 52 ; ventral scutes 20 + 13. L. 15 inches. Gulf of Mexico and 
Mississippi Valley; abundant, and resident in all the larger streams, 
and introduced through the canals into Lake Erie and Lake Michigan. 
A handsome fish, not valued for food. 
(Pomolohus chriisochloria Eaf. Icbtli. Oh. 1820, 38.) 
b. Jaws without persistent teeth; a few teeth usually present on the tongue. {Meleita 
Val.) 
4 43. C’. ESicdiocris Mitchill . — Uiclcory Shad; Tailor Hcrrivg ; Fall Herring. 
Bluish silvery; sides with rather taint longitudinal stripes. Head 
comparatively long, the profile straight and not very steep, form more 
elliptical than in the others and less heavy forwards. Lower jaw con- 
siderably projecting; upper jaw emarginate. Oiiercles rather less 
emarginate below and behind than in C. vernalis. Pius low; dorsal 
