122. PLEURONECTID^. 
813 
process. Eyes very large, longer than snout, 3^ in head; maxillary 
extending to below posterior edge of pupil. Pectorals inserted above 
ventrals and below first ray of dorsal, which is strong, compressed, 
and armed anteriorly with sharp teeth directed upward; vent under 
last ray of first dorsal. Scales small, rough, but not keeled. Head 4; 
depth 5J. First D. 11; A. ca. 110; V. 8. Banks of Newfoundland to 
Norway, in deep water. 
{Corijpli(enoides r upestris Gwnnev, Trouflhj. Selsk. Skrift. iii, 50, 1765: Coryphcenoides 
norvcgiciis Giiuther, iv, 396: Macrourus norvegicus Nilsson, Skand. Fauna Fiske 600, 
1832: Macrourus stromi Reinli. Dausk, Vidensk. Afhaudl. vii, 129.) 
Order U.-HETEROSOMATA. 
{The Flat-fishes.) 
“Cranium iiosteriorly normal; anteriorly with twisted vertex, to allow 
two orbits on the same side, or one vertical and one lateral; basis cranii 
not quite simple. Dorsal fin long, of jointed rays. Superior jiharyn- 
geals 4, the third longest, much extended forward, the inferior sepa- 
rate.” {Cope.) This order includes the single family of Pleuroneetidce. 
{ezspo:;, dilferent; c-w.aa, body.) 
{Anacanthini pleuronectoldei GiiutUer, iv, 399-504.) 
Family CXXII and CXXIII.— PLEURONECTID^. 
{The Flounders.) 
Body strongly compressed, oval or elliptical in outline; head unsym- 
metrical, the cranium twisted, both eyes being on the same side of the 
body, which is horizontal in life, the eyed side being uppermost and 
colored, the blind side lowermost and usually plain. In very young 
fishes the bones of the head are symmetrical, one eye on each side, and 
the body vertical in the water. In some species the cranium becomes 
twisted, bringing the upper eye over with it; in others the upper eye 
moves through the cranium. Mouth small or large, the dentition 
various; premaxillaries protractile; no supplemental maxillary bone; 
pseudobranchioe present. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; lower pha- 
ryngeals separate; no air-bladder; vent not far behind head. Scales 
various, rarely absent, usually small. Lateral line usually present, 
extending on the caudal fin, sometimes duplicated or wanting. Dorsal 
fin long, continuous, of soft rays only, beginning on the head; anal 
