804 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
cc. Lateral line pale ; moiitli rather large, the maxillary reaching past front of eye. 
d. Vertebr® normal. (Gadus.) 
1339. O. callai’aas L. — Common Cod-fish, 
Greenish or brownish, subject to many variations, sometimes yellow- 
ish or reddish; back and sides with numerous rounded brownish spots; 
lateral line pale; fins dark. Head large, but varying much in size; 
maxillary about reaching middle of orbit; occipital keel not greatly 
developed ; teeth strong, cardiform, in narrow bands, those of the outer 
row in the upper jaw, and of the inner row in the lower jaw, somewhat 
enlarged. Eye moderate, about half length of snout. First dorsal 
little elevated, its height about half length of head; vent under front 
of second dorsal; caudal slightly emarginate; pectorals half length of 
head. Head 3^ to 4^; depth about 4. D. 14-21-19; A. 20-18. North- 
ern Seas, south to Virginia, Oregon, and Japan, one of the most impor- 
tant of all food-fislies. The fish of the Pacific Ocean (var. macrocephalus) 
is said to have the air-bladder (“sounds”) smaller; it is wholly similar 
externally. The Greenland form (var. ogac) is very dark, with slender 
caudal peduncle, longer barbel, larger ej^e, broader interorbital space, 
longer ijectorals, and more advanced ventrals. Great variations occur 
in size of head and in color among individuals from different regions. 
{Gadus callarias et morrhua Linn. Syst. Nat.; Gunther, iv, 328: Morrhua americana 
Storer, Hiat. Fish. Mass. 343: Gadus macrocephalus Tiles. Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. 
ii, 3G0, 1810: Gadus macrocephalus Giiutber, iv, 330: Gadus of/ak Richardson, F. B. A. 
Fish. 246: Gadus ogac Bean, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xv, 110: Gadus aurahis Cope, Proc. 
Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 1873.) 
dd. Vertebrae peculiarly modified, somewhat as in Merlucius. (Tilesia* Swainson.) 
1340. G. gi’acilBS Tiles. 
Dusky bluish above, yellowish white below, without spots. Form of 
a haddock, the body subterete, compressed, the belly prominent. Head 
oblong, the snout rounded and depressed ; upper jaw longer and broader 
than lower; barbel moderate; outer teeth setaceous; eye large. Scales 
very small, little imbricated. First dorsal subtriangular; second dor- 
sal lower; third obtusely triangular; pectorals large; ventrals with the 
second ray produced; caudal equal. Head 4^; depth 4-^. D. 14-17-19; 
A. 21-20; P.19; V. 6; B. 6. {Pallas.) Alaska to Japan. An insuffi- 
ciently-described species, which, accowling to Dr. Bean, who has lately 
obtained it in Bering’s Sea, is very distinct from the other members of 
the genus. It differs from Gadus callarias in the structure of its ver- 
* Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fish. etc. 1839, 300 : type Gadus gracilis Tiles. (Dedicated 
to William Theophilus Tilesius.) 
