37. CLUPElDiE CLUPEA. 
265 
■'Vomer witli an ovate patch of teeth ; ventral serratures weak; herrings. {Clupca.) 
439. C. liareBBgws L. — Common Herring ; “ Whiteiait" (young). 
Bluish ; silvery below, with bright retiections. Body elongate, com- 
pressed. Scales loose. Cheeks longer than high, the junction of the 
mandible and preopercle under middle of eye. Maxillary extending to 
middle of eye. Upper jaw not emarginate. Lower jaw much i)roject- 
ing. Grill-rakers very long, tine and slender, about 40 on the lower 
p irt of the arch. Eye longer than snout, 4 in head. Dorsal inserted 
rather behind middle of body, in front of ventrals. Pectorals and ven- 
trals short ; anal low. Abdomen serrated in front of ventrals as well 
as behind. Peritoneum dusky. Ilead 4^; depth 4^-. D. 18; A. 17; 
Lat. 1. 57 ; ventral scutes 28 -j- 13 ; vertebrae 50. Atlantic Ocean ; abun- 
dant on the coasts both of Europe and America. Spawns in the sea. 
(Liim. Syst. Nat.; Giiuther, vii, 415: Clupea elongata Lid Siianr, Jouru. Acad. Nat. 
Sci. Phila. i, 234.) 
440. C. mirabilis Girard. — California Herring. 
Blnish above; sides and below silvery; peritoneum dusky. Lower 
jaw strongly projecting; ui)per jaw not emarginate. Belly scarcely 
compressed in front of ventrals, serrate only between ventrals and 
anal. Gill-rakers very long and slender. Vomerine teeth tveaker than 
in C. harengus; usually a few teeth on tongue and premaxillary. Ver- 
tebr® also fewer, 30 + 20=50. Insertion of dorsal slightly nearer front 
of eye than base of caudal. Ilead 4^-; depth 4. D. IG; A. 14; Lat. 
1. 52. Pacific coast of Xortli America. Very similar to C. harengus, and 
equally abundant. 
(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 138; Giiuther, vii, 418.) 
** Vomeriue teeth none. 
t Cheeks longer than deep, the preopercle j)roduced forward below. (Pomolohus 
Eafinesque.*) 
a. Ventral serratures weak; mouth entirely toothless. 
441. C. sagax Jenyns. — California Sardine; Sadina. 
Dark bluish above; silvery below; a series of round black spots on 
the level of the eye, running backward, bounding the dark color of tbe 
back; similar smaller spots above, forming lines along the rows of scales ; 
these spots rarely obscure or wanting, especially in old examples ; tip of 
lower jaw yellow ; lower part of dorsal yellow ; peritoneum black. Bodj' 
very slender, subsiform, slenderer and less compressed than a herring, 
the back rather broad. Ventral serratures very weak. Maxillary reach- 
■'Rafiuesque, Ichth. Oh. 1820, 38: type Pomoloh us chrysochloris Eaiiuesque. (tvCj;io, 
operculum; Xofdoi, lobe.) 
