374 



HYPXOTISM. 



these are identical with non-hypnotic hallucinations, it will 

 not be necessary to say much about them. The following, 

 however, are interesting examples : I take a dozen white 

 cards, all precisely alike to an ordinary person, and showing 

 them to the subject, say, ''Here is a portrait of the Queen 

 on this card." Having marked the back of this, I mix them 

 up, and lay them, face up, before the subject ; he quickly 

 picks out the marked (on the back) card as being the portrait. 

 This can only have been done by associating minute mark- 

 ings on the card with points of the imagined portrait. It 

 will be noticed that he looks closely at the card, and takes 

 some little time to judge. It is a case of hallucination with 

 point de repere. 



It is found that, as in this case, the time necessary for 

 the recognition of an hallucination with point de repere is 

 greater than for a real object, and that it rapidly increases 

 with lapse of time ; thus the " subject " soon begins to forget 

 the markings on the card, so that the portrait fades. 



We may easily prove the absence of simulation by the 

 " subject " in the case of these hallucinations. Suppose, 

 for instance, he be told that a piece of an onion was an apple, 

 it will be found that his eyes will not water, if he sniff at it ; 

 and conversely he will sneeze if he think that some burnt 

 cork he sniffs at is really snuff. 



We may test the intensity of the hallucination in other 

 ways. E.g.^ let a " subject " be told that a certain person is 

 gone out of the room, and then let him be asked to count 

 the number of persons present ; he will say " five " (there 

 being really six). If now he be told to look intently in the 

 direction of the person, he may perceive him, and say, " Oh ! 

 there are six ; I didn't notice him," or he may still not see 

 him. In the latter case the '' subject " may be told to walk 

 in the direction of the person : on coming up close to or 



