Fringillidae 321 



b* Plumage always with pink in males ; claw of 

 hind toe short, curved and normal. 



Carpodacus (in part), p. 328. 



b' Wing more rounded ; difference between primaries 



and secondaries less than tarsus ; inner secondaries 



elongated. 



a^ Wings longer, clearly exceeding the tail and tarsus 



together. Passerculus, p. 356. 



b' Wings shorter, hardly equal to the tail and tarsus 



together. Ammodramus, p, 359. 



Tail longer, from -7 to -9 of the wing. 



a' Wing pointed ; difference between the primaries and 

 secondaries exceeding the length of the tarsus, 

 a* Tail forked, even or slightly rounded, but difference 

 between inner and outer feathers always less than 

 culmen. 

 a* Nostrils concealed by forwardly growing nasal bristles, 

 a^ La ge ; wing over 4 ; bill strongly hooked. 



Pinicola, p. 327. 

 b' Smaller ; wing about 3 ; bill very slender and 

 compressed. Acanthis, p. 340. 



b* Nostrils exposed. 



a'' Bill very large and deep ; lower mandible dis- 

 tinctly deeper than the upper. Zamelodia, p. 398. 

 b* Bill moderate ; upjDer and lower mandibles of 

 a^Dproximately equal depth. 

 a^ Claw of hind toe elongated and straight. 



Calcarius, p. 350. 

 b® Claw of hind toe shore, curved and norixial. 

 Carpodacus (in part), p. 328. 

 b^ Tail graduated, difference between irmer and outer 

 feathers equal to culmen ; upper mandible distinctly 

 deeper than the lower. Chondestes, p. 361. 



b* Wing moderately jDointed ; difference between primaries 

 and secondaries about equal to the tarsus. 

 a^ Upper mandible deeper than the lower ; nostrils more 

 or less concealed. Passer, p. 348, 



b^ Lower mandible distinctly deeper than the upper, 

 a* Inner secondaries not elongated ; tail-feathers broad 

 and rounded, 

 a^ Larger ; wing over 3 ; cuhnen rounded, not ridged. 



Guiraca, p. 401. 

 b^ Smaller ; wing under 3 ; culmen distinctly ridged. 

 Passerina (in part), p. 403. 



