30 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 



primaries averaging intermediate ; 

 length about 26.00, wing 15.15-18.30, 

 culmen 1.90-2.20, depth of bill 

 through angle .60-.80, tarsus 2.15- 

 2.20, middle toe (without claw) 1.60- 

 2.15. Hah. Southern Europe and 

 central Asia, from the Mediterranean 

 to Bering's, China, and Japan Seas, 

 and down the North American coast 



to California, in winter 52. L. 



cachinnans Pall. Pallas's Gull. 

 f. Mantle delicate pearl-gray, decidedly 

 paler than in L. cachinnans ; eyelids 

 (in life) yellow, and feet pale flesh- 

 color. Young: Brownish gray, nearly 

 uniform on lower parts, the head and 

 neck streaked, and the upper parts 

 irregularly varied with pale grayish 

 buff or dull whitish ; quills, their 

 coverts, and tail-feathers, dusky 

 blackish ; bill blackish, paler basally. 

 Downy young : Grayish white, the 

 lower parts (except throat) immacu- 

 late ; head marked with irregular 

 spots of black ; back, wings, and rump 

 clouded with dusky grayish. 

 A\ White near end of outer quill usu- 

 ally extending to extreme tip, 

 without interruption by a sub- 

 terminal black bar ; the latter, if 

 present at all, usually very small 

 and rarely continuous ; length 

 about 23.00, wing 15.75-17.90 

 (16.38), culmen 1.85-2.20 (2.07), 

 depth of bill through angle .72- 

 .80 (.77), tarsus 2.30-2.72 (2.50), 

 middle toe 1.90-2.25 (2.07). Eggs 

 2.91 X 1-98. Hab. Europe, etc.; 

 casual in eastern North America ? 

 51. L. argentatus BrxInn. 

 Herring Gull. 

 A^ White near end of outer quill always 

 separated from the white tip by 

 a distinct subterminal bar or 

 spot of black, this rarely less 



