382 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 



Family FRINGILLID^. — The Finches, Sparrows, etc. (Page 321.) 



Genera. 



a^. Mandibles falcate, crossed at tips Loxia. (Page 392.) 



a^. Mandibles not falcate nor crossed at tips. 

 ^^ Conspicuously crested. 



c\ Culmen strongly curved, and cutting-edge of upper mandible deeply 



sinuated or concave in middle portion.. Pyrrhuloxia. (Page 443.) 



c^ Culmen only slightly curved, and cutting-edge of upper mandible more 



or less convex in middle portion Cardinalis. (Page 441.) 



h"^. Not crested. 



c^. Width of bill at base equal to its length, and basal outline of lower man- 

 dible, underneath, dou])ly concave Pyrrhula. (Page 388.) 



c}. Width of bill at base decidedly less than its length, and basal outline 

 of lower mandible, underneath, simply concave. 

 rP. Depth of bill at base greater than length of hind-toe, with claw, 

 and more than three-fourths as long as tarsus. 



Coccothraustes. (Page 386.) 

 d?. Depth of bill at base less than length of hind-toe, with claw, and 

 less than two-thirds as long as of tarsus. 

 e\ Nasal plumules covering nearly basal half of upper mandible. 



Pinicola. (Page 387.) 

 e'. Nasal plumules covering very much less than basal half of 

 upper mandible. 

 /\ Base of gonys midway between tip and lateral base of 



lower mandible Plectrophenax. (Page 402.) 



p. Base of gonj-s decidedly nearer to lateral base than 

 tip of lower mandible. 

 g^. Gonys slightly convex ; a light brownish spot or 

 speculum at base of quills.. Passer. (Page 401.) 

 g^. Gonys not appreciably convex ; no light spot or 

 speculum at base of quills. 

 h}. Primaries exceeding secondaries by more than 

 length of tarsus. 

 i^. Wing at least five times as long as tarsus. 

 /. Wing less than 3.50. 



k^. Tail three-fourths as long as wing ; 

 nasal tufts conspicuous. 



Acanthis. (Page 395.) 



A'^ Tail less than two-thirds as long as 



wing ; nasal tufts inconspicuous. 



Z'. Exposed culmen decidedly 



shorter than tarsus ; adults 



without red on head, and 



