404 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 



Genus CALCARIUS Bechstein. (Page 383, pi. CVII., fig. 6.) 



Species. 



Common Characters. — Adult males: Top of bead black; bind-neck deep rufous 

 or buff; rest of upper parts ligbt brownisb, broadly streaked witb dusky or black; 

 outer tail-featbers with more or less of wbite. Adult females : Above similar to 

 males, but without black on head, and usually without distinct rufous or buff on 

 hind-neck ; lower parts mainly dull whitish or buffy. JVest on ground, composed 

 of dried grasses, etc., lined with featbers, etc. J^ggs 3-6, dull whitisb, spotted or 

 speckled with brown (varying to nearly uniform brownish). 



a^. Wing more than 3.50 ; all the tail-feathers with inner webs dusky at base (in 

 C. pictus confined, on exterior feather, to inner edge). 



b^. Inner web of outer tail-feather chiefly dusky ; under wing-coverts and axil- 

 lars grayish white, distinctly grayish beneath surface ; breast and belly 

 white. Adult male in summer : Head and chest deep black, relieved by a 

 broad white or buffy stripe behind eye, continued downward (vertically) 

 behind ear-coverts and then backward along sides of chest ; sides broadly 

 streaked or striped with black ; rest of under parts white ; hind-neck deep 

 chestnut-rufous ; lesser wing-coverts grayish, feathers black in centre. 

 Adult male in lointer : Black of head confined to crown, posterior and 

 lower border of ear-coverts, lower part of throat, and patch on chest, 

 and more or less obscured by wbitish or pale brownish tips to feathers ; 

 sides of head (including lores and greater part of ear-coverts) mostly 

 dull light brownish ; rufous on hind-neck also similarly obscured. Adult 

 female in summer : Much like winter male, but markings more sharply 

 defined, black areas of chest, etc., more restricted and still more broken, 

 hind-neck streaked with blackish, and size smaller. Adult female in win- 

 ter : Similar to summer plumage, but browner and less sharply streaked 

 above, hind-neck often without trace of rufous, lower parts dull brown- 

 ish white, and dusky markings of chest, etc., very indistinct. Youjuj : 

 Above tawny buffy, everywhere (except on wings and tail) broadly 

 streaked with black ; beneath pale buffy, tbe lower throat, chest, and 

 sides of breast broadly streaked with blackisb. Male: Length about 

 6.10-6.90, wing 3.60-3.90. Female : Length about 5.50-6.00, wing 3.50- 

 3.60. Eggs .83 X -60, varj^ing from dull whitish spotted with brown to 

 nearly uniform umber-brown. Hab. Circumpolar regions ; in North 

 America migrating southward to northern United States, sometimes as 

 far as South Carolina (rarely), Kentucky, Kansas, Nevada, etc. 



536. C. lapponicus (Linn.). lapland Longspur. 



y. Inner web of outer tail-feather chiefly white ; under wing-coverts and axil- 

 lars wholly pure white ; entire lower pai'ts buffy. Adult male in summer : 

 Top and sides of head deep black, relieved by a broad white stripe be- 

 hind eye, a narrow white stripe along middle portion of ear-coverts, and 



