536 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 



chin and upper throat, the chest (sometimes sides also) more or less 

 streaked with dusky. Winter plumage : Above decidedly more brown 

 than in summer ; beneath much duller buffy (without any cinnamon 

 tint), the streaks on breast usually broader. Young : Above dull 

 brownish gray ; beneath dull brownish white, the chest spotted or 

 broadly streaked with blackish. Length 6.00-7.00, wing 3.20-3.50, 

 tail 2.65-2.85, tarsus .85-.90. Bggs .78 X -57. Hab. Whole of North 

 America, breeding from Labrador and high mountains of Colorado 

 (above timber-line), etc., to Arctic coast. 



697. A. pensilvanicus (Lath.). American Pipit. 

 b^. Back, scapulars, and top of head umber-brown or tawny olive, conspicuously 

 streaked with black, 

 c*. Back and scapulars without distinct whitish streaks. 



d^. Eump and uj^per tail-coverts nearly plain brown or olive super- 

 ficially, the darker streaks almost wholly concealed ; chin, 

 throat, etc., never fawn-color. Summer adult : Above rather 

 light umber- or olive-brown, the top of head narrowly and back 

 broadly streaked with black ; wings and tail dusky, the mid- 

 dle wing-coverts broadly margined terminally with dull buffy 

 whitish, the greater coverts more narrowly margined with 

 same ; beneath dull buffy whitish (the throat and breast some- 

 times deep buffy), the chest and sides (including sides of throat) 

 sharply streaked with brownish black. Winter plumage : Above 

 brighter, more olive, brown, beneath decided buff, the mark- 

 ings as in summer. Young : Above light grayish brown, more 

 broadly, but less sharply, streaked than in adult ; beneath 

 light buffy, tinged with olive, streaked much as in adult. 

 Length about 5.50-6.25, wing 3.00-3.20, tail 2.40-2.50, tarsus 

 .85. JEggs .78 X •59- U^ab. Europe; northern Africa in winter; 

 occasional in southern Greenland. 



698. A. pratensis (Linn.). Meadow Pipit. 

 d^. Eump and upper tail-coverts conspicuously streaked with black- 

 ish ; chin, throat, etc., deep cinnamon buff or fawn-color in full 

 adult plumage. Adult (full plumage ^) : Superciliary stripe, malar 

 region, chin, and throat (sometimes chest also) uniform fawn- 

 color or cinnamon-buff; otherwise as in A. pratensis, except 

 that the rump and upper tail-coverts are distinctly streaked or 

 striped with blackish. (Other plumages resembling correspond- 

 ing stages of A. pratensis, but always distinctly streaked or 

 striped with blackish on rump and upper tail-coverts, and color 

 of upper parts less olivaceous — more brown in immature winter 

 dress.) Length about 5.00-6.00, wing 3.15-3.50, tail 2.35-2.55, 



1 This is usually described as the summer plumage ; but of the five specimens in this plumage which are 

 at this moment before me, two were shot in December and one in September, the latter being in fresh fall 

 plumage ; the date of one specimen is not recorded. 



