146 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.86 



lower angle with one spine, which is nearly straight or a little curved out- 

 ward and directed ventrally and above which is a very small one directed 

 outward : greatest height of dorsal blade less than 1 time in base of soft 

 dorsal and about 2.2 times in length of its own base. Range: Tropical 



Atlantic, off Africa gig'as Norman, 1930 



a". One or more spines (usually 1 or 2) located at posterior end of abdomen 

 below insertion of pelvic tins. 

 &\ Photophores forming a nearly continuous series from behind pectoral to 

 base of caudal fin; posterior abdominal spines 2, of about equal length 

 and directed downward; depth of body 2.2 to 2.6, head 3.2 to 3.5 times 

 in standard length; preopercle at lower angle with 1 spine, straight or 

 a little curved outward, directed downward, above which is a smaller 

 one directed outward but not extending past rear margin of preopercle ; 

 height of dorsal blade 2.8 to 3.3 times in length of its base; no subcaudal 

 spines; gill rakers 7 or 8 -f 11 or 12. Range: Atlantic (West Indies; 

 Caribbean: olT Strait of Gibraltar; southern tip of Africa), Indian 



Ocean affinis Garman, lcS99 



6'. Photophores not forming an almost continuous series but with spaces be- 

 tween the various groups as f<jllows: Above insertion of pelvics, over 

 first 1 to 3 or 4 anal rays, and anterior portion of caudal peduncle, some- 

 times including last few anal rays. 

 0^. A single spine at posterior angle of abdomen. 



d'. Abdominal spine serrated and directed backward (often a minute 

 spinule above its ba.se posteriorly) ; depth of body 1.7 to 1.9, head 

 3.1 to 3.5 times in standard length ; preopercle at lower angle with 

 an almost straight .spine directed downward, upper spine directed 

 outward and backward, with tip extending past rear margin of 

 bone; .subcaudal .spines absent; gill rakers more numerous than in 

 any other species, about 9 to 11 + 11 to 14, totaling 20 to 25; dorsal 

 soft rays usually 8. Range: Pacific (Hawaiian Islands; Philippine 

 I.><lands; New Zealand'.'). Atlantic (West Indies; Bermuda; off 

 South Carolina; Mediterranean; Central Atlantic; South Atlantic), 



Indian Ocean hemigymnus Cocco, 1829 



d*. Abdominal .spine smooth and directed downward and usually curved 

 a little forward ; depth of body 1.2 to 1.4, head 3.1 to 3.5 times in 

 standard length ; preopercle at lower angle with one spine pointing 

 straight downward and curved a little outward, the upijer spine 

 small, pointing outward, its tip not extending pa.st rear margin of 

 preopercular bone; .subcaudal spines present in adults in front of sub- 

 caudal organs and below them; gill rakers 7 or 8 + 8 to 10, totaling 

 16 or 17; height of dorsal blade 1 to 1.5 times in length of its base; 

 dorsal soft rays usually 9. Range : Atlantic (West Indies : Bahamas ; 

 off New" Jersey, New York, and Cape Cod), South Pacific (Lord Howe 



Island) amabilis (Ogilby, 1888) 



c^ A pair of smooth spines at posterior angle of abdomen ; gill rakers 

 7 to 9+8 to 10. 

 e^. Postabdominal spine longer than anterior .spine of pair of abdominal 

 spines and directed backward, the two spines diverging at an angle 

 of about 90° or a little more; adults with the dorsal and ab- 

 dominal ridges serrated ; adults with a double series of spines 

 on lower edge of caudal peduncle ; height of dorsal blade 1.3 to 1.5 

 in length of its base; lower preopercular spine directed straight 

 downward and curved a little outward, upper spine small, its tip 

 not extending past rear margin of preopercle. Range: Atlantic 



