INTRODUCTION. 



The classification, nomenclature, and numeration used in this 

 book are those of the A. 0. IT. Check-List of Worth American Birds, 

 except that modern scientific usage has heen followed in dropping 

 the possessive form in the vernacular names of species, as Clarke 

 nutcracker and Steller jay, instead of Clarke's nutcracker and Stel- 

 ler's jay. The rulings of the nomenclature committee of the Amer- 

 ican Ornithologists' Union have been followed, but new species upon 

 which the committee has not yet ruled have been included in foot- 

 notes under their proper places. 



In the matter of authorities, Ridgway's Manual of North Ameri- 

 can Birds, his Hummingbird paper, and Birds of North and Middle 

 America (Parts I. and II.) have been used at all points as standard 

 authorities, and the substance of keys and descriptions frequently 

 quoted. 



In the general treatment of species various authorities have been 

 followed. 



General Characters. — These summaries of technical characters 

 have been abridged from the generic descriptions in Parts I. and II. 

 of Pidgway's BirdK (f North and Middle America, his monograph 

 on the Jfumminf/hirds, and Coues's Kei/ to North American Birds. 



Measurements. — The measurements have been taken from the 

 second edition of Kidgway's Manual of North American Birds, from 

 Parts I, and II. of North and Middle America, with the centimeters 

 converted into inches, and. in the case of sjx'cics not included in 

 thes(; books, from the original descriptions. 



Nest and Kijfjs. — Descriptions of nests and eggs are taken mainly 

 from IJendire's Life llifttoriex of North American Birdu, Uitlgway's 

 Mamial, .s(jcond edition, The A^lk, Tlie Condor, Tlie Osprey, The 

 Nidolof/hst, The Ornitholof/ist and Oiilof/ist, Goi^' a lUrds of Kansas, 

 The Biolof/iral Survey Records, and from specimens in the Hendire 

 and Ralph coHectious of the United States National Museum. 



