Perching Birds Marked With Red. 



5 15. Pine Grosbeak {Pinicola enucleator leucura). 

 L. 8.5; W. 4.6. Ad. (f. Rosy red in varying amounts; 

 belly gray; wings, tail and center of back feathers 

 blackish brown; two white wing-bars. Ad. $. Gray, 

 head and rump greenish; breast tinged with greenish. 

 Yng. tf. Like 9, but with head and rump reddish. 

 Notes. Song, sweet; in winter strong and cheery; in 

 spring tender and plaintive. (Chamberlain.) 



Range. — Northeastern North America; breeds from New Brunswick 

 and northern New England northward: winters south, irregularly, to 

 southern New England, Ohio, and Manitoba, and casually to District 

 of Columbia and Kansas. 



515a. Rocky Mountain Pine Grosbeak (P. e. mon- 

 tana). Similar to No. 515b, but decidedly larger, W. 

 4.8, and coloration slightly darker; the adult male with 

 the red of a darker, more carmine hue. (Ridgw. ) 



Range.— "Rocky Mountains of United States, from Montana and 

 Idaho to New Mexico." (Ridgway.) 



5 15b. Califoria Pine Grosbeak (P. e. californica). 

 Similar to No. 515, but <$ with red much brighter; 

 feathers of back plain ashy gray without darker centers; 

 9 with little if any greenish on rump. 



Range.— Higher parts of "Central Sierra Nevada, north to Placer 

 County and south to Fresno County, California " (Grinnell.) 



5 1 5c. Alaskan Pine Grosbeak (P. e. alascensis). 

 Similar to No. 515, but decidedly larger with smaller or 

 shorter bill and paler coloration, both sexes having the 

 gray parts of the plumage distinctly lighter, more ashy. 

 (Ridgw.) 



Range. "Northwestern North America except Pacific coast, breed- 

 ing in interior of Alaska; south, in winter, to eastern British Colum- 

 bia, Montana (Bitterroot Valley), etc." (Ridgway.) 



5l5d. Kadiak Pine Grosbeak (P. e. flammula). 

 Similar to No. 515, but with much larger, relatively 

 longer and more strongly hooked bill; wings and tail 

 grayish brown instead of dull blackish. 



Range. — "Kadiak Island and south on the coast to Sitka, Alaska.'' 

 (Ridgway.) 



521. American Crossbill (Loxia curvirostra minor). 

 L.6.i;W. 3.4; B. .66. Tips of mandibles crossed. 

 Ad. cJ*. Red, more or less suffused with greenish or 

 yellow. Ad. 9* Olive-green, rump and underparts 

 yellower. Yng. Resemble Ad. $. Notes. Calls, 

 when feeding, a conversational twittering; louder and 

 more pronounced when flying; song, sweet, varied and 

 musical, but of small volume. 



Range.— Northern North America, chiefly eastward; breeds from 

 northern New England (in Alleehenies from Georgia > north and west 

 to Alaska; winters south irregularly to Virginia and Nevada; casually 

 to South Carolina and Louisiana. 



521a Mexican Crossbill (L. c. stricklandi). Simi- 

 lar to No. 521, but larger; W. 4; B. .78. 



Range. — "Mountains of Wyoming and Colorado, west to the Sierra 

 Nevada, and south through New Mexico, Arizona and the tablelands 

 of Mexico to Guatemala." (A. O. U.) 



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