Perching Birds Marked With Chestnut or Reddish Brown, 



587. Towhee; Chewink (Tipilo erythr ophthalmitis). 

 L. 8. Three outer tail-feathers with white; iris red. 

 Ad. $. Above and breast black; sides reddish chest- 

 nut; belly white. Ad. 9. Above and breast brown. 

 Call, chewink or towhee; song, a loud, not over 

 musical sweet bird sin-n-ng, and a tremulous refrain /'// try. 



Range. — Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from 

 Georgia and Louisiana north to Maine, Ontario, and Manitoba; win- 

 ters from Virginia and southern Illinois to Florida and eastern Texas. 



587a. White-eyed Towhee (T. e. alleni). Similar 

 to No. 587, but iris whitish; only two outer tail-feath- 

 ers with white tips, or if on third, a mere spot. Notes. 

 Call, towhee, much sharper thanjthat of No. 587. 



Range. — Florida, north along coast to South Carolina. 



588. Arctic Towhee (Pipilomaculatus arcticus). L. 

 8.7. Ad. cf. Whitetipof outer tail-feather more than 1.3 

 long; scapulars and back marked with white; bick 

 black more or less tipped with brownish. Ad. $. 

 Breast and back grayish brown; fewer white markings 

 than in o 71 - Notes. Call, a Catbird-like mew; song, 

 suggesting that of No. 587, but shorter, more wooden, 

 less musical. 



Range.- Great Plains; breeding from southern Montana and west- 

 ern North Dakota, north to Saskatchewan; winters south and west to 

 Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Texas; east to eastern Kansas. 



588a. Spurred Towhee (P. m. megalonyx). Simi- 

 lar to No. 588, but blacker above, no brownish edgings 

 on front of back; white markings on back less num- 

 erous; white tip to outer tail-feather less than 1.3 long. 



Range. — Rocky Mountain region and west to the Pacific; breeds 

 from Mexico to British Columbia; migratory in the northern part of 

 range. 



588b. Oregon Towhee {P. m, oregonus). Similar 

 to No. 588a, but darker; practically no brownish edg- 

 ings on back of male; sides much deeper; white mark- 

 ings much reduced, the white tip to outer tail-feather 

 less than 1. long; sides much deeper. 



Range. — Pacific coast from San Francisco to British Columbia; 

 winters south to southern California. 



588c. San Clemente Towhee {P. m. clementce). 

 Similar to No. 588a. but adult male with black duller or 

 grayer; female lighter brown. (Ridgw.) 



Range.- "San Clemente, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and Santa Cat- 

 alina Islands," southern California. (Grinnell.) 



288d. San Diego Towhee {P. m. atratus). Similar 

 to No. 588a, but decidedly darker, with white markings 

 of wings, tail, etc., more restricted; ramp deep black. 



Range. — The southern coast district of southern California, south 

 Into Lower California. (Ridgw.) 



588e. Mountain Towhee {P. m. magnirostris). Sim- 

 ilar to No. 588, but bill much larger, rufous below pal- 

 er, above browner and tinged with olive. (Brewster.) 



Range. -Cape Region of Lower California. 



589. Guadalupe Towhee {Pipilo consobrinus) . Sim- 

 ilar to No. 588b in restriction of white markings, but 

 wings and tail much shorter, W. 3-i; T. 3.2, hind claw 

 much larger; Ad. tf sooty rather than black (Ridgw.) 



Range. — Guadalupe Island, Lower California. 



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