CATALOG OF HUMAN CRANIA — HRDLICKA 421 



Cranial index, in detail, by locality groups, ivest to east 



Group 



Nushagak River 



Kuskokwim River, Upper. _ 

 Kuskokwim River, Lower.. 



Yukon River 



Togiak - 



Mumtrak 



Hooper Bay 



Nunivak Island. 



Nelson Island 



St. JMichael Island 



Unalakleet 



Norton Bay 



Golovin Bay 



Rooky Point 



Capes Derby and Nome 



Sledge Island 



Ko vieruk 



Port Clarence 



Wales.. - 



Metlatavik. 



Shishmare V 



Group 



St. Lawrence Island, Gam- 

 bell, Early 

 St. Lawrence Island and Pu- 

 nuk 



Diomede Island 



Northeast Siberia 



Point Hope 



Old Igloos, near Barrow 



Barrow (Utkiavik) 



Piginik (near Barrow) 



Point Barrow 



Nixerak 



Northern groups (west of 

 Hudson 13ay) 



Hudson Bay and Strait 



Southampton Island 



Northeastern groups (west of 

 Greenland and Labrador) 



Smith Sound... 



Greenland (mainly north- 

 west). 



Female 



(249) 77.4 



(6) 77.0 



(18) 77.6 



(118) 76.1 



(44) 70.6 



(46) 74.0 



'(52)"74."4 



(28) 75.1 



(16) 74.0 



(2) 77.5 



(4) 75.2 



(17) 73.3 



(2) 76.7 



(47) 71.9 



The above data are of considerable interest. Notwithstanding the 

 inadequacy of the numbers of specimens in many of the series, cer- 

 tain facts are quite evident. The cranial index differs regionally, and 

 the differences apparently are not insignificant. There are repre- 

 sented in the Eskimo, it seems, two related yet unequal strains, one 

 considerably to extremely dolichocranic, the other mesocranic. The 

 presence of the dolichoid variety in the earliest strata discovered so 

 far near Gambell, St. Lawrence Island, suggests that this strain might 

 have been the earlier; but the distribution of the two forms would 

 seem to incline to the opposite conclusion. The narrow type is found 

 in its greatest purity in the old "igloos" near Barrow,^ where the 

 mean cranial index in both sexes does not reach even 71 and indi- 

 vidually falls as low as 62; but it is also manifest in Greenland (and 

 Labrador ^), more or less in the more eastern of the northern groups, 

 and in most localities on the Seward Peninsula. The mesocranic 

 strain, on the other hand, reaches in a large arc from northeastern 

 Asia to the Alaska Peninsula, but it occurs also quite pure at Point 

 Hope, and it is probably somewhat mixed with the more oblong 

 type at the old settlement of NLxerak near Point Barrow, in some 

 localities about the Hudson Bay, and in Smith Sound. It is quite 

 probable that both the variants developed in prehistoric times, under 

 some territorial segregation, in the same stock, but the evidence 

 indicates that they were separate when they came to America, and 

 that while the broader-headed strain spread essentially southwest- 

 w^ard, the narrower extended mainly northward and then northeast- 

 ward. 



Both the extreme narrow and the broader type are in all visual 

 and most other metric aspects true Eskimo and cannot be separated 

 as distinct racial components. 



' For details of these finds see HrdliC-ka, "Anthropological Survey in Alaska," p. 318. 

 In 34 male skulls 7/. S— Stewart. 



