142 Walter Piterscn, 



and Lithuanian only adjectives, in the Latin and the Slavic lan- 

 guages both adjectives and substantives. In Greek the primitive 

 is likewise almost always a substantive, probably also in the Keltic, 

 in Latin the few extant examples come from adjective primitives,' 

 e. g. mariscus : mas, while in Germanic derivatives from both sub- 

 stantive and adjective primitives occur, though the former pre- 

 dominate. From the latter we have e. g. O. H. G. altisc : alt, 

 English reddish : red. As to the meaning of the suffix the lan- 

 guages again diverge widely, the differences largely following from 

 those preceding. In Greek -kjxo-, to anticipate results somewhat, 

 expresses similarity and forms substantives with deteriorative, di- 

 minutive, and hypccoristic meanings. In Latin the three native 

 examples quoted by Brugmann all show the meaning "having the 

 nature of " : prTscus < *pri-iscus 'of a nature belonging to for- 

 merly,' i, e. ' primitive,' mariscus ' of a male nature,' ' masculine,' 

 lentiscus (: lentus) 'of a tough nature,' a name of the mastic-tree, 

 referring to the toughness of its resin. In the Keltic we find e. g. 

 TaupiaVvOt,, a people ' coming from the mountains,' ^ and other names 

 of peoples as well as neuter geographical names like Viviscum, 

 which though largely obscure as to their motive of formation, yet 

 probably showed the same suffixal meanings as the similar Ger- 

 manic words. In the latter brsnch the meaning was originally 

 'of the nature of,' ' like,' ' coming from,' ^ but the suffix gradu- 

 ally extended its sphere so as to allow other meanings, e. g. ' be- 

 longing to ' in locutions hke the German " die erzieherischen Miss- 

 griff e." ■* In the Lithuanian^ the usage is like the Germanic, 

 while in the Slavic ^ languages these same adjectival meanings 

 occur as well as substantives classified as deterioratives and ampli- 

 ficatives, particularly in the Polish. A further difference is found 

 between the Greek and Slavic, which both show ' diminutive ' mean- 



^ From the adverb *pri, however, is derived priscus. 



2 Cf. Pape s. V. 



^ Cf. Wilmanns, Deutsch. Gram. 2.468; Brugmann, loc. cit. When 

 these two scholars mention appurtenance (" Zugehorigkeit ") as being among 

 the primary meanings of the suffix they seem to refer to such words as Goth, 

 judaiwisks, which, though originally conceived as ' having the nature of or 

 coming from the Jews,' may also have been thought of as ' belonging to 

 the Jews or Judea.' We have indeed the roots of the meaning of appur- 

 tenance, but want of unambiguous cases in the Gothic at least shows that 

 it was not as yet consciously felt. 



* Cf. Wilmanns, op. cit. 469. ^ Cf. Leskien, Bild. d. Nom. 372. 



« Cf. Belie, Arch. f. si. Phil. 23. 179 ff- 



