400 British Association* 



coiistructed to enable him to assume tlie upriglit position ; whilst 

 in the lower monkeys it was impossible, from the structm*e of 

 their feet, that they should do so. He concluded by urging on 

 the physiologist the necessity of experiment. The chemist, when 

 in doubt, decided his questions by experiment ; and this was what 

 was needed by the physiologist. — Prof. Huxley begged to be 

 permitted to rejdy to Prof. Owen. He denied altogether that the 

 difference between the brain of the gorilla and man was so great 

 as represented by Prof. Owen, and appealed to the published dis- 

 sections of Tiedemann and others. From the study of the struc- 

 ture of the brain of the Quadrumana, he maintained that the dif- 

 ference between man and the highest monkey was not so great as 

 between the highest and the lowest monkey. He maintained 

 also, with regard to the limbs, that there was more difference be- 

 tween the toeless monkeys and the gorilla than between the latter 

 and man. He believed that the great feature which distinguished 

 man from the monkey was the gift of speech. 



On the Intellectual Development of Europe, considered with 

 Eeference to the Views of Mr. Darwin and others, that the Pro- 

 gression of Organisms is determined by Law, by Prof. Draper, 

 M.D., of New York. — The object of this paper was to show that 

 the advancement of man in civilization does not occur acciden- 

 tally or in a fortuitous manner, but is determined by immutable 

 law. The author introduced his subject by recaUing proofs of 

 the denomination of law in the three great lines of the manifes- 

 tation of life. First, in the successive stages of development of 

 every individual, from the earliest rudiment to maturity ; se- 

 condly, in the numberless organic forms now living contemporan- 

 eously with us, and constituting the animal series ; thirdly, in the 

 orderly appearance of that grand succession which in the slow 

 lapse of geological time has emerged, constituting the life of the 

 Earth, showing therefrom not only the evidences, but also proofs 

 of the dominion of law over the world of life. In these three 

 lines of life he established that the general principle is to differen- 

 tiate instinct from automatism, and then to differentiate intelli- 

 gence from instinct. In man himself three distinct instrumental 

 nervous mechanisms exist, and three distinct modes of life are 

 perceptible, the automatic, the instinctive, the intelligent. They 

 occur in an epochal order, from infancy through childhood to 

 tae more perfect state. Such holding good for the individual, it 

 was then aflSrmed that it is physiologically impossible to separate 



