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the individual from the race, and that what holds good for the 

 one holds good for the other too; and hence that man is the 

 archetype of society, and individual development the model of 

 social progress, and that both are under the control of immutable 

 law : that a parallel exists between individual and national life in 

 this, that the production, life, and death of an organic particle in 

 the person, answers to the production, life, and death of a person 

 in the nation. Turning from these purely physiological conside- 

 rations to historical proof, and selecting the only European nation 

 "which thus far has offered a complete and completed intellectual 

 life. Prof. Draper showed, that the characteristics of Greek mental 

 development answer perfectly to those of individual life, present- 

 ing philosophically five well-marked ages or periods, — the first 

 being closed by the opening of Egypt to the lonians ; the 

 second including the Ionian Pythagorean, and Eleatic phil- 

 osophies, was ended by the criticisms of the Sophists ; the 

 third, embracing the Socratic and Platonic philosophies, was 

 ended by the doubts of the Sceptics ; the fourth, ushered in 

 by the Macedonian expedition and adorned by the splendid 

 achievements of the Alexandrian school, degenerated into 

 Neoplatonism and imbecility in the fifth, to which the hand 

 of Rome put an end. From the solution of the four great pro- 

 blems of Greek philosophy, given in each of these five stages of 

 its life, he showed that it is possible to determine the law of the 

 variation of Greek opinion, and to establish its analogy with that 

 of the variations of opinion in individual life. Next, passing to 

 the consideration of Europe in the aggregate. Prof. Draper showed 

 that it has already in part repeated these phases in its intel- 

 lectual Hfe. Its first period closes with the spread of the power 

 of Republican Rome, the second with the foundation of Constan- 

 tinople, the third with the Turkish invasion of Europe : we are 

 living in the fourth. Detailed proofs of the correspondence of 

 these periods to those of Greek life, and through them to those 

 of individual life, are given in a work now printing on this sub- 

 ject, by the author, in America. Having established this conclu- 

 sion. Prof. Draper next briefly alluded to many collateral pro- 

 blems or inquiries. He showed that the advances of men are 

 due to external and not to interior influences, and that in this 

 respect a nation is like a seed, which can only develop when the 

 conditions are favourable, and then only in a definite way ; that 

 the time for psychical change corresponds with that for physical, 



