88 INTRODUCTION. 



the eyelids, upper and lower, the supraocular ridge, 16, not 

 general in birds. There are besides frequently a bare space 

 about the eye, or a membrane above it, and various fleshy or 

 carunculated appendages. 



There are also frequently bristle-like feathers at the base of 

 the mandibles, as well as tufts of feathers on the head. 



The anterior part of the head is named the forehead, or 

 frontal region, 17 ; the upper part, the crown, or vertical re- 

 gion, 18 ; the hind part, the occiput, or occipital region, 19. 

 The sides of the head include the space from the ear to the 

 angle of the mouth, in which are distinguished especially the 

 ear-coverts, 20. The feathers on these parts are named frontal, 

 vertical, occipital, and lateral, or facial. 



The neck may be divided into the upper, middle, and lower 

 parts, each of which has a posterior, a lateral, and an anterior 

 portion, w^hich however it is not always necessary to specify. 

 The feathers covering this part are named cervical, and may 

 be anterior, lateral, posterior, superior, and inferior. Those on 

 the upper part or throat, 21, are often named gular ; on the 

 lowxr anterior part, 22, jugular ; on the upper hind neck, 

 nucha, or nape, 23, nuchal. The part at the angle of the jaw, 

 or interspace of the crura of the lower mandible, some name 

 the chin ; but this term is absurd, birds having no chin pro- 

 perly so called, and the part in question not being at all an- 

 alogous to the chin in man. 



In the body, the following parts are distinguished : 



The back, of which there are the anterior, 24, the middle, 

 25, and the posterior, 26, regions. 



The scapular region, 27, is that over the scapula and humerus. 



The h^^ochondrial space, or side, lies under the wing. 



The breast commences at the anterior part of the sternum, 28, 

 and extends to near its posterior extremity, 29 ; or, as the thorax 

 and abdomen are not separated by a diaphragm, as in quadru- 

 peds, it may be better to consider the entire space defined by 

 the sternum as the fore part of the thorax. 



The abdomen, 30, in that case, is the space from the pos- 

 terior edge of the sternum to the anus or vent. 



