BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA 15 



the feathers of the hind neck, back, scapulars, interscapulars, npper 

 wing coverts, breast, and abdomen, narrowly edged with light gull 

 gray to gull gray in fresh plumage; these edges often with a rusty 

 stain ^°; bare orbits, lores, and coronal-frontal area varying shades 

 of red, "orange-rufous, bitter-sweet pink, and begonia rose, fading 

 anteriorly into the drab gray or grayish olive base of the upper 

 mandible, through light pinkish gray and light grayish blue-violet 

 toward the tip, with suffusions near the nostrils of light russet 

 vinaceous; under mandible drab gray at the base, fading into grayish 

 olive and pale glass-green toward the tip; eye cadmium-orange in 

 a narrow ring about the pupil, merging quickly into bright grenadine 

 red"^^; tarsi and toes dull greenish blackish to very dark olive. 



SuhadiiU (sexes alike). — Similar to the adult but with some of the 

 upper wing coverts brown (that is immature ones left by incomplete 

 prenuptial molt). This is hardly a distinct plumage phase. 



Immature (sexes alike). — Similar to the adult but with the entire 

 body splashed with earth-brown to dresden-brown feathers, especially 

 on the upperparts. 



Juvenal (sexes alike). — Entire head fully feathered, the forehead 

 and anterior part of crown pinkish buff darkening on the midcrown 

 to light ochraceous-salmon, which color extends over the occiput and 

 back and sides of the neck ; scapulars, interscapulars, back, and upper 

 wing coverts light neutral gray very heavily and broadly edged and 

 tipped with bright ochraceous-tawny to tawny, the latter color being 

 so extensive as to practically conceal the basal median gray on the 

 interscapulars, scapulars, and back ; less extensive on the upper wing 

 coverts; secondaries light neutral gray darkening on the outer ones 

 to neutral gray, tipped wtih ochraceous-taAvny ; primaries as in 

 adults ; tail as in adults ; chin, throat, and upper breast light neutral 

 gray tipped with paler, the upper breast washed with ochraceous- 

 tawny; rest of underparts as in adults, but with a faint ochraceous 

 wash on some of the feathers. 



Natal down. — Above light mikado brown to tawny, deeper (russet) 

 on rump and median line of back, becoming paler and grayer on lower 

 hind neck ; forehead and most of crown pale tawny posteriorly, fading 

 into pale cinnamon buffy anteriorly ; sides of head pale rusty buff to 

 dull light pinkish cinnamon, becoming paler on chin and throat; rest 

 of underparts pale dull buffy suffused or clouded with pale tawny. 



Adult 7nale.—Wmg 442-498 (474.2) ; tail 156-187 (167.4) ; exposed 

 culmen 90-110 (96.4) ; tarsus 186-228 (200) ; middle toe without claw 

 65-77 (70.1 mm.). 12 



" Some birds are so heavily stained as to appear almost cinnamomeous. 

 " Ex Sutton, Mem. Carnegie Mus., xii, pt. 2, sect. 2, 1932, 104. 

 " Eight specimens from Alaska and Northwest Territories. 



