208 BULLETIN 5 0, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 



tail coverts ; upper wing coverts like the scapulars and interscapulars, 

 the inner greater and median ones washed with a brownish sheen; 

 primaries dull clove brownish, secondaries somewhat pale and more 

 grayish in tone, the outer ones with considerable whitish terminally, 

 the bend of the wing and entire edge of wing with a narrow wliite 

 line formed by the white outer webs of the external coverts ; rectrices 

 very dark slate black; rest of underparts slate, paler than chin and 

 upper throat, and with a faint grayish brown wash (in fresh plumage 

 the feathers with narrow whitish margins) ; under tail coverts black- 

 ish; bill white with a rosy tinge; frontal shield white; tarsi and toes 

 greenish, tibia orange, toes bluish gray, the joints slate; iris red to 

 red-brown. 



Immature (sexes alike). — ^Like the adults but averaging more 

 brownish above and below, and often with scattered white feathers 

 on chin, throat, and neck. 



Juvenal (sexes alike). — Forehead, crown, and occiput dull grayish 

 fuscous, the feathers with grayish-white tips, which give the area a 

 somewhat speckled appearance; lores, chin, throat, sides of neck, and 

 the entire breast white, the feathers with dusky bases, which sometimes 

 show through; cheeks and auriculars whitish speckled with grayish 

 and grayish fuscous; upperparts from nape to wing and tail dull 

 fuscous with a varying amount of grayish wash; lower breast and 

 abdomen grayish fuscous, the feathers with whitish or whitish gray 

 tips and edges, becoming browner and darker on the flanks, vent, and 

 under tail coverts, remiges and rectrices as in the adult. 



Natal down. — Black, the tips of the down on the head and neck 

 oruLige, on the upper back and wings shining yellowish white; the 

 underparts, especially the breast, with a silvery sheen ; forehead with 

 scarlet granulose papillae ; the coronal down so thin that the pale flesh- 

 colored skin of the crown and the purplish-blue supraorbital skin show 

 through clearly; iris brown; tarsi and toes slate-black. 



Adult male.—SV'mg 185-208 (197.9) ; tail 49-62.5 (52.0) ; culmen 

 from nostril 15-18.5 (16.9) ; culmen from frontal shield 32-36.5 (33.6) ; 

 tarsus 52-64 (58.3) ; middle toe without claw 70-82 (77.2 mm.).^^ 



Adult female.— Wing 189-217 (197.1) ; tail 45-59 (51.7) ; culmen 

 from nostril 15-16 (15.4) ; culmen from frontal shield 30-33 (31.6) ; 

 tarsus 46-61 (53.4) ; middle toe without claw 66.5-81 (73.4 mm.).^^ 



Range. — Breeds in Europe and Asia from latitude 70° N. in Nor- 

 way and 57° N. in the Ural Mountains south to the Mediterranean, 



" Seven specimens from Sweden, Norway, England, Hungary, Italy, China, 

 and Japan. 



^ Seven specimens from Austria, Italy, Syria, China, India, and the 

 Philippines. 



