no. 2287. COLLECTION OF' ECCLESIASTICAL ART—CASANOWICZ. 617 



ard. Printed in red and black characters at Venice in 1624. The 

 title-page is adorned with vignettes depicting the Acts of the Apostles, 

 while two full-page illustrations represent the Last Supper of Christ 

 with the Apostles, and the Trinity, and celebration of the Eucharist, 

 respectively. Bound in red Russian leather, gold-tooled with the 

 archcpiscopal arms of Venice. Height, 14^ inches; width, 10 inches. — • 

 Venice, Italy. (Cat. No. 214725, U.S.N.M.) 



99. Antiyhonany {Anti'plionarium ahhreviatum: videlicet dominicale 

 et festivum) .■ — Contains liymns and psalms which are chanted alter- 

 nately by two choirs. Printed in Latin in red and black letters at 

 Venice in 1547. Bound in sheepskin. Height, 14 inches; width, 

 9f inches.— Venice, Italy. (Cat. No. 288986, U.S.N.M.) Gift of 

 Miss Louise Salter Codwise. 



lOU. Pontifjcale Romanwni. — With wooden stand. The pontifical 

 contains the ritual for the performance of rites and functions re- 

 served for a bishop, such as the consecration of churches, altars, 

 and sacred vessels; the administration of the sacraments of confirma- 

 tion and ordination, as fixed by Pope Clement VIII (1592-1605). 

 Printed in Latin in red and black characters at Antwerp, Belgium, 

 in 1707. Bound in leather and covered with red velvet. With 

 gilt and tooled edges. Height, 6f inches; width, 4 inches. — Atrato 

 River, Colombia, South America. (Cat. No. 286447, U.S.N.M.) 

 Lent b}^ Col. David duBose Gaillard. 



OBJECTS OF VENERATION AND DEVOTION. 



CROSSES AND CRUCIFIXES. 



The cross essentially consists of an upright and a transverse piece 

 placed upon one another in various forms; a crucifix is a cross with 

 a figure fixed on it. The cross was a common instrument of capital 

 punishment among the ancients. It was also and is still a most 

 common religious symbol of pre-Christian and non-Christian reli- 

 gions, and, like the triangle and other geometric figures, it is some- 

 times merely ornamental in origin with no symbolic significance. 

 In Christianity, on account of the death of Christ upon the cross, it 

 became the principal symbol of faith and emblem of salvation. 



There are four principal types of the cross: 1. The Tau cross 

 {crux commissa), from its form of the Greek Tau T, also called St. 

 Anthony's cross, after the legend that St, Anthony (about 251-356) 

 exterminated the idols of Egypt with such a cross; it is the earliest 

 form of the cross. 2. The equilateral or Greek cross, where two 

 equal arms cross one another at right angles in the middle. 3. St. 

 Andrew's cross (crux decussata) , when two shafts of equal length are 

 crossed diagonally in the middle X , so-called, because the Apostle 

 St. Andrew is supposed to have been martyred upon such a cross; 

 4. The Latin cross (crux imrmssa, or capitata), in which the upright 



