634 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.55. 



passion and the Latin words, "The passion of Christ save us, the pas- 

 sion of Christ comfort me." Between the ave beads is inserted a 

 piece of bone, IJ inches high, carved with the faces of Christ and 

 Mary, and a skull. Length, 47 inches. Italy. (Plate 87, fig. 3, 

 Cat. No. 179075, U.S.N.M.) 



195. Rosary. — Made of composition beads. Consisting of three 

 sets of nine beads each, separated by an oval brass plaque, which 

 has on one side a representation of the Trinity, on the other, the 

 Gloria in Latin. Length, 21 inches. — Italy. (Plate 87, fig. 4, Cat. 

 No. 179075, U.S.N.M.) 



RELIGIOUS ORDERS. 



196. Habit of a Benedictine monlc. — Consisting of a cassock, a 

 scapular (that is, a piece of cloth passing over the head and hanging 

 down over the shoulders), and a cowl. The order of Benedictine 

 monks was founded by St. Benedict of Nursia, Italy, in 529. It was 

 the first monastic order established in the Occident, and its organiza- 

 tion became the model upon which all the monasteries of the western 

 church were formed. Common to all monastic orders are the three 

 vows of obedience, chastity, and poverty. The Benedictine monks 

 were bound by their rule to cultivate the land and to read and copy 

 manuscripts.— Italy. (Gat. No. 154312, U.S.N.M.) 



197. Habit of Dominican monlc. — Consisting of a cassock, scapular, 

 and cowl of white wool. The Dominican order was founded by St. 

 Dominic, called de Guzman, in 1204. Its chief original purpose 

 was to preach, especially to infidels and heretics. It is, therefore, 

 called the "preaching order." The Dominicans are also called 

 Black Friars, because of the black cloak worn by them out of dooi-s. — 

 Italy. (Cat. No. 154312b, U.S.N.M.) 



198. Habit of a CapucJiin monlc. — Consisting of upper garment, 

 cowl of brown cloth, and rope girdle. The Capuchins are a branch 

 of the Franciscan order, established by Matteo di Bassi, of Urbino, 

 in 1526. They derive their name from the long-pointed capuche, or 

 cowl, which is the distinguishing mark of their dress. Their regula- 

 tions oblige them to live by begging, and not to use gold, silver, or 

 silk, even in the decoration of their churches and altars. — Italy. 

 (Cat. No. 154312, U.S.N.M.) 



199. Costume of the Fraternity of the Misericordia. — Consisting of a 

 loose hooded cassock of black stuff, held by a girdle from which a 

 rosary is suspended, and a broad-brimmed felt hat. The Fraternity 

 of the Misericordia {Pia Arciconfraterniia de Samta Maria delta 

 Misericordia) is believed to have been instituted in 1244 and is 

 surviving to the present day in many cities and towns of Italy. 

 Besides taking care for the burial and the performance of the funeral 

 rites of the dead and friendless its members also discharge the fimc- 

 tion of an ambulance corps, dealing with accidents as they occur and 



