no. 2287. COLLECTION OF ECCLESIASTICAL ART—CASANOWICZ. 635 



carrying the sick to the hospitals. Its membership is recruited from 

 all ranks of society, and the active work is carried on by the members 

 in person. The funds needed for the work is obtained by mute 

 appeals of the members in public places and at the doors of churches, 

 for which they hold out an aim box and from the fees of the member- 

 ship. When on duty the members wear a costume of the cheapest 

 material which completely envelopes and disguises them; even the 

 face is hidden by a covering in which only two holes are left for the 

 eyes.— Pisa, Italy. (Plate 88, Cat. No. 153893, U.S.N.M.) 



200. Devotions in Honor of the Stigmata and Festival of St. Fravcis 

 of Assisi. — Printed in 1740 at Rome. St. Francis, born 1182, died 

 1226, in Assisi, Italy, was the founder of the Franciscan order. 

 According to tradition he received, in 1224, while absorbed in prayer 

 and contemplation on Monte Alverno, the stigmata of Christ — that is, 

 an imitation of the wounds of Christ was miracuously impressed upon 

 his body. He was canonized in 1228. — Rome, Italy. (Cat. No. 

 2:14724, U.S.N.M.) 



201. Disciplinary girdle.— Made of wire. It is sometimes worn by 

 monks and other devout persons as a means of mortification and of 

 subduing the passions. Length, 3 feet. — Italy. (Plato 89, fig. 1, 

 Cat. No. 179067, U.S.N.M.) 



202. Disciplinary scourge. — Made of twisted wire. They are em- 

 ployed by monks and other devout persons as a means of mortifi- 

 cation and of subduing the passions. — Italy. (Plate 89, fig. 2, 

 Cat. No. 152252, U.S.N.M.) 



SCAPtTLARS. 



Scapular (from middle Latin scajmlaris, pertaining to tlie shoulders, 

 La-tin scapulae, shoulder blades, shoulders), is primarily the name 

 given to a portion of the monastic habit in certain rehgious orders, 

 consisting of a long narrow strip of clotli which passes over the head, 

 covering the shoulders and hanging down in front and behind. With 

 the growth of fraternities of lay people affiliated with the religious 

 orders the practice grew up among devout persons of wearing under 

 the ordinary dress a small scapular consisting of two little pieces of- 

 cloth adorned with a picture of the Virgin, a cross or some other 

 religious symbol and joined by strings, in honor of Mary. Certain 

 rehgious obligations and exercises and sundry spiritual privileges, 

 such as indulgences, are attached to the wearing of it. The scapular 

 was brought into use in the thirteenth century by St. Simon Stock, 

 an Englishman, general of the Carmelite Order. 



203. Scapular. — Consisting of two pieces of brown cloth, measuring 

 5| by 3 1 inches, one of which is embroidered with a shield, crown, 

 and crosses; the other with a pelican, the symbol of Christ (see 

 above, p. 618), and connected by strings. — Italy. (Cat. No. 179072, 

 U.S.N.M.) 



