636 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUiiEUM. vol. 55. 



204. Scapular. — Consisting of two pieces of cloth, stamped with 

 the figures of Mary and other saints, and connected by strings. 

 Measurements, 2 by If inches.— Italy. (Cat. No. 179073, U.S.N.M.) 



205. Scapular. — Consisting of two pieces of brown cloth, measuring 

 2f by If inches, stamped with the figure of Mary crowned, with the 

 infant Jesus, both holding scapulars, with cherubs above and below 

 and the words Na. Sa. del Carmen, our Lady of Carmen (? Carmel). — 

 Italy. (Cat. No. 179074, U.S.N.M.) 



206. Scapular. — Consisting of two pieces of cotton cloth, measuring 

 2^ by 2 inches, one of which is stamped on one side with the figure 

 of Christ with a burning heart; on the other, with the figure of a saint 

 and an ostensory. Tlie other is stamped on one side with the figure 

 of Mary with a burning heart; on the other, with the figure of a 

 female saint. — Manila, Pliilippine Islands. (Cat. No. 216990, 

 U.S.N.M.) 



MISCELLANEOUS. 



207. Fish. — Made of metal. On one side is a Greek cross, on the 

 other the Christ monogram ^ in relief. With a chain for suspension. 

 The form of a fish was a favorite symbol on the early Christian 

 monuments, alluding to the waters of baptism; also because the 

 initial letters of the Greek word for fish contained the confession 

 "Jesus Christ, Son of God, Saviour." Length, 9 inches. — Italy. 

 (Cat. No. 179010, U.S.N.M.) 



208. Olive palm. — Palm leaf combined with an olive branch. In 

 some churches in Italy it is blessed by the priest on Palm Sunday 

 and sold at the clmrch door. Protective properties are attributed to 

 it, and it is kept over the bed tiU the following year. This specimen 

 was blessed at the Santa Felicita Church in Florence, in 1892. Length, 

 2 feet 5 inches.— Florence, Italy. (Cat. No. 179076, U.S.N.M.) 



209. Certificate of indulgence. — Manuscript written on vellum. 

 Granted by Pope Alexander VIII (1689-1691), on March 20, 1690, to 

 the Church of the Fraternity of Holy Intercession, in Siena, Italy. 

 Indulgences are granted by the Roman Catholic Church for the re- 



, mission of the temporal punishment due to sin, after the removal of 

 guilt and eternal punishment of sin in the sacrament of penance, and 

 which must be discharged either in this life or after death in purgatory. 

 The recipient must be in a state of grace, and has to perform certain 

 good works, as giving of alms, fasting, attending mass, making 

 pilgrimages, etc. By way of intercession, indulgences may be applied 

 by the recipient to shorten the sufferings of souls in purgatory. 

 Measurements, 15^ by 5^ inches. — Siena, Italy. (Cat. No, 214723, 

 U.S.N.M.) 



210. Papal hull. — Manuscript, written on parchment, dated 1781, 

 with a leaden seal, having on one side the busts of SS. Peter and Paul; 

 on the other, the name Pius VII (Pope 1775-1799), attached by a 



