194 SYNS. AND CHARS. OF ANTHUS LUDOVICIANUS 



Stev. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1870, 1871. A^.—Ooop. Pr. Phlla. Acad. 1870, Tj.— Ooop. 

 B. Cal. i. 1870, 78.— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1871, \^.—Trippe, Pr. Esn. Inst. vi. 1871, 

 lib.— Allen, Bull. MCZ. ii. 1871, ^Gl.— Allen, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 161, 175 (Colorado, 

 breeding).— ^«e?i, Am. Nat. vi. 1873, ^^G.—Harting, Man. Brit. B. 1872, 109 (Great 

 Britain ?).—^iA:cre, Pr. Bost. Soc. 1872, 196 (Colorado, breeding).— Trtppe, Pr. Boat. Soc. 

 XV. 1872, 234.— iHaya. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872, 360.— Cowes, Key, 1872, 90, f. 34.— Jlfayra. 

 B. Fla. 1873, Ai.—Ridgxe. Bull. Ess. Inst. v. 1873, 180.— Aferr. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, 

 for 1872, 1873, 713.— Sraow, B. Kans. 1873, i.—Trippe, Pr.Bost. Soc. xv. 1673, 234.— ^H«», 

 Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1874, 50.— Coucs, BNW. 1874, M.— Yarr. fy Hensk. Rep. Orn. Specs. 

 1874, 10.— Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 41.— i?. B. If R. NAB. i. 1874, 171, fig. pL 10, f. 

 3.—Hensh. List B. Ariz. 1875, 156.— Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 187. 



Alauda ludovlcana, Turt. SN. i. 1806, 482. 



Anthus ludOViceanus, Bd. Ives's Rep. pt. v. 1861, 5. 



AnthUS ludoriciDUS, Merriam, U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 674. 



Antbus ludOTiCanuS, Trippe, Coues'a BNW. 1874, 231. 



Alauda rubra, Gm. SN. i. pt. ii. 1788, 794, no. 15 (from Briss., BuflF., Edw., etc.).— £atA. 10. 

 ii. 1790, 494, no. 10. — Turt. SN. i. 1806, 482. 



Motacilla hudsonica, Lath. lO. ii. 1790, 503, no. 6 (no references ; orig. descr. VFell suiting pres- 

 ent species).— Tar«. SN. i. 1806, 616.— K. OAS. ii, 1807, 47.— r. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 409. 



Alauda migratoria, Bartram, Trav. Fla. Ist Am. ed. 1791, p. 290 bis (see Coues, Proc. Phila. 

 Acad. 1875, 346). 



Anthus rubens, Merrem, " Ersch Grub. Encycl." 



Alauda rufa, Wils. AO. v. 1812, 89, pi. 42, f. A.—Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 181. 



AntbUS spinolelta, Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 90.— iVwtt. Man. i. 1832, i5Q.—Ornith. Cov;m. 

 Journ. Phila. Acad. vii. 1837, 193 (Columbia River). — rown*. Journ. Phila. Acad. viii. 

 1839, 154.— Pea6. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 317. — Thomps. NH. Vermont, 1853, 86. 



Anthus aquatlCUS, 5. ^ R. FBA. ii. 1831, 231, pi. 44.— Aud. OB. i. 183-, name on pi. 10. 



Anthus pipiens. Aud. OB. i. 1832, 408 ; V. 1839, 449, pi. SO.— Bp. CGL. 1838, 18. 



Anthus reinhardtil, HolbOll, " Fn. Gronl. ed. Paulsen, 1846, 25". 



Alaiida pensUvanlca, Briss. Om. 1760, App. 94, no. 13. 



Anthus pensylvaniCUS, TAiejiennTiTi. Rhea, ii. 1849, 171 (monographic).— Zarerfcr, J. f. O. i. 

 1853, Extrah. 1854, 63 (monographic).— Zander, Naumannia, iv. 1854, 13 (monographic). 



AntbUS pennsylvaniCUS, Gaetke, J. f. 0. 1856, 71 (Heligoland). 



Farlouzanne, Buff. " Hist. Nat. des Ois. V. 38". 



LouiSiane Lark, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 376, no. 7 (based on BuflF. v. 38). 



HudSOnian Wagtail, Lath. Syn. Snppl. ii. 1801, 231, no. 3. 



Alouette aux joucs brunes de PensilTanie, Buff. " llist. Nat. des Ois. v. 58 ". 



Hochequeue de la bale d'Hudson,F. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 409. 



Lark from Pensylvania, Edw. "Glean.pt. ii. 185, pi. 297". 



Red Lark, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 393, no. 279 (Pennsylvania).— iaJA. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 376, no. 8. 



Polarpleper, Thienemann, 1. c. 



Alouette pipe, Le Maine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 185. 



American Pipit or Titlark, Prairie Titlark, F>eddish-broirn Titlark, Brown Lark, 



Authors. 



Hab. — The whole of North America. South to 

 Guatemala and perhaps further. Greenland. Ber- 

 mudas. Casual in Europe (Heligoland, Gatke ; and 

 see especially Harting, I. c. supra). No West Indian 

 quotations. 



Ch. sp. — 3 9 Olivaceo-hrunneus, fusco- 

 notatus; alis fuscis, hrunneo-Umbatis ; caudd 

 fused, rectricihus lateralihus 1-3 ex parte 

 alhis ; orbit is, superciliis, partihusque infe- 

 rioribus ex toto brunneo-albidis, pectore lateri- 



Fig. 27.— Bill and foot of , .. . ^ . ^. 



American Pipit; nat. size, ousque olivaceo-brunneo striatis. 

 $ $ : Above, olive-brown, most of the feathers with dusky centres, giving 

 a streaked or nebulated appearance. Wings blackish-brown, the quills and 



