FULIGULA VALLISNERIA, CANVAS-BACK DUCK. 575 



FULIGULA FERmA var. AMERICANA, (Eyt.) Ooues. 

 American Pochard; Red-head. 



Anasferina, WiLS., Am. Orn. viii, 1814, 110, pi. 70, f. 6.— Dough., Cab. N. H. ii, 1832. 



40. (Not of European writers.) 

 Anas {FalUjnla) ferina, Bp., Obs. Wils. 1825, No. 270. 

 FuUgula tetina, Bp., Syu. 1828, 392.— Sw. &, Rich., F. B. A. ii, 1831, 452.— Nutt., Man. 



ii, 1834, 434.— AuD.. Orn. Biog. iv, 1838, 198; pi. 322; Syn. 1839, 287 ; B. Am. vi, 



1843, 311, pi. 396.— GiR., B. L. I. 1844, 320. 

 Xi/roca fcr'uia, AVoODii., Sitgr. Rep. 1853, 104. 

 Aythya ferina var. amerkana, Allen, Bull. M. C. Z. iii, 1872, 183. 

 FnJigula ftrina var. atneiicana, CouES, Key, 1872, 289. 



Aiithija crjjthroccphala, Bp., List, 1838, 58.— Newb., P. R. R. Rep. vi, 1857, 103. 

 Xijroca irijthroccphala, Heekm., P. R. R. Rep. x, 1859, pt. vi, 70. 

 Fnlifjula amerkana, Eyt., Monog. Auat. 1838, 155. — GOSSE, B. Jam. 1847. — TuUNB., B. 



E. Pa. 1869, 36.— Maxlm., J. f. O. vii, 1859, 175. 

 Nyroca amerkana, Gkay, Geu. of B. iii, 1849. 

 Aythya amerkana, Bp., Comptes Rendus, 1856. — Bn., B. N. A. 1858, 793 ; and of most late 



United States writers. 



Rah. — Whole of North America, but more particularly Eastern North America. 

 Breeds in the Fur Countries. Bahamas {Bryant). 



List of specimens. ■ 



Not obtained by Lieutenant Warren's Expedition, nor by the later ones. 



FULIGULA YALLISNERIA, (Wils.) Steph. 

 CanTas-back Duck, 



Anas vallisneria, Wils., Am. Orn. viii, 1814, 103, pi. 7, f. 3.— •Dough., Cab. N. H. ii, 

 1832, 36, pi. 4. 



FuUgula raUisneria, Steph., Shaw's Geu. Zool. xii. pt. ii, 1824, 196. — Bp., Syn. 1828, 

 392.— Sw. & Rich, F. B. A. ii, 1831, 451.— Nutt., Man. ii, 1834, 430.— EvT., Mon. 

 Anat. 1838.- Aui).. Orn. Biog. iv, 1838, 1 ; pi. 3(11 ; Svn. 1839,285 ; B. Am. vi, 1843, 

 299, pi. 39.5.— GiK.,' B. L. I. 1844, 318.— DeKay, N. V. Zool. ii, 1844, 321.— Schl., 

 M. P.-B. viii, 1865,25.— Tui;nb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 36.— CouES, Key, 1872, 290. 



Aythya raUisneria, BoiE, Isis, 1826, 980.— Bp., List, 1838, 58 : Compt. Rend. 1856, 651.— 

 Newb., P. R. R. Rep., vi, 1857, 103.— Bd., B. N. A. 1858, 794.— Coop. & Suck., 

 N. H. W\ash. Ter. 1860, 258.— Ross, Canad. Nat. Apr. 186*2.— Blak., Ibis, 1802, 

 10; 1863, 148.— Dhess., Ibis, 1866, 43 (Texas).— Salv., ibid. 1866, 198 (Guate- 

 mala).— Bp.owx, Ibis, 1868, 42:i.— Dale & Bann., Tr. Chic. Acafi. i, 1869,298 

 (Alaska).— Aiken, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv, 1872, 210.— Snow, B. Kaus. 1873, 11 ; and 

 of most late writers. 



Nyroca vallisneria, Gkay, List B. Br. Mus. 1844,43; Gen. of B. iii, 1849, 621.— Woodh., 

 Sitgr. Rep. 1853, 104.— Heeum., P. R. R. Rep. x, 1859, pt. vi, 70. 



Aristonetta vallisneria, Bn., B. N. A. 1868, 793 (in text). 



Anas valUsneriana, Sabine, App. Frankl. Jour. 699. 



Nab. — The whole of North America. Breeds from the Northern States northward. 

 Winters from the Middle States southward to Guatemala. 

 Not procured by the Expeditions. 



Some persons experience difficulty in discriminating between the 

 Canvas-back and Redhead, but there is no occasion lor this, at least 

 in the case of nudes. In the Red-head, the whole head is clear chest- 

 nut-red, with coppery or bronzy retiections, aiul the bill is clear pale 

 grayish- blue, with a dark tip. In the Canvas-back, nearly all the head 

 is obscured with blackish-brown, and the bill is <lusky thioufihout. 

 There is also a marked dillerence in the shape of the head and bill ; in 

 the Red-head, the head is pufly and globose, sloping abruptly down to 

 the base of the bill; in the Canvas-back, the head is longer and nar- 

 rower, and slopes gradually down to the bill, which rises high on the 



