JUNCO HYEMALIS, EASTERN SNOW-BIRD. 141 



t 



The species of Peuccca differ from all their allies in laying a pure 

 crystal-white egg without markings. That of the present species meas- 

 ures 0.75 by 0.60, being thus quite globose. Four or five are the com- 

 plement. The nest is placed on the ground. 



JUNCO HYEMALIS, (Linn.) Sol. 



Eastern Snow-bird. 



a. hyemalis. 



Fringilla hyemalis, LmN., Syst. Nat. i, 1758, 183.— Bp., Syn. 1828, 109.— Sw. & Rich., F. 

 B. A. ii, 1831, 259.— AuD., Orn. Biog. i, 1831, 72 ; v, 505 ; pi. 13.— Maxim., J. f. O. 

 vi, 1858, 277. 



Emheriza h ifemaUs, Linn., S. N. i, 1766, 308 (Passer nivalis, Gates., i, 36). — Lath., I. O, i, 399. 



Struihus hu'emalis, Bp., List, 1838, 31 ; C. Av. i, 1850, 475.— Woodh., Sitgr. Rep. 1853, 83. 



Xijilum hiicmalis, AUD., Sjn. 1839, 106.— Aud., B. Am. iii, 88, pi. 167.— GiR., B. L. I. 1844, 

 108.— PuTN., Pr. Ess. Inst. 1856, 210 (Oct. to May).— Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst, vi, 

 1811, 116 (Minnesota, breeding). 



Junco hjemalis, ScL., P. Z. S. 1857, 7.— Bd., B. N. A. 1858, 468.— Wheat., Ohio, Agric. 

 Rep. 1860, No. 152.— Coues, Pr. Ph. Ac. 1861, 224 (Labrador, breeding).— Hayd., 

 Rep. 1862, 167.— ScL., Cat. 1862, 115.— Coues & Prent., Smiths. Rep. 1861 

 (1862), 412 (middle of Oct. till May).— Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst, iv, 1864 (Spring- 

 field, Mass., Oct. 1 to Dec, aud early Mar. till May ; breeds in mountains of 

 Berkshire). — Verr., Pr. Ess. Inst, iii, 1862, 151 (Norway, Me., winter, spring, 

 and fall, breeding in White Mountains and at Umbagog lakes).— Verk., Pr. 

 Bost. Soc. 1862, 132 (Anticosti, "common all summer")-- Boardm., Pr. Bost. 

 Soc. 1862, 127 (Calais, Me., summer, very common, breeds). — Dress., Ibis, 1865, 

 488 (Texas).— Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst, v, 1868, 282.— Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii, 

 1868, 115 (South Carolina, Oct. to Apr.).— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 80 

 (Arizona, winter, accidental, three specimens). — Turnb., B. E. Pa. 23 (Oct. 

 to Apr. ; also, breeding on the AUeghauies). — Dall & Bann., Tr. Chic. Acad, 

 i, 1869, 284 (Nulato, Alaska, commou, arriving June 1, breeding). — Allen, Bull. 

 M. C. Z. ii, 1871, 278 (Florida, January, common).— Mayn., Nat. Guide, 1870, 

 119 (Massachusetts, abundant everywhere, middle Oct. to late May). — Mayn., 

 Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv, 1871 (New Hampshire, common, breeding in June in districts 

 north of Frauconia).— Aiken, Pr. Bost. Soc. 1872, 201 (Wyoming).— Trippe, 

 Pr. Bost. Soc. XV, 1872, 237 (Iowa).— Coues, Key, 1872, 141.— Sxow, B. Kans. 

 1873, 7.— RiDGW., Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 613 (critical).— B. B. & R., N. A. B. i, 1874, 

 580, pi. 26, fig. 5. 



Fringilla hmUonia, Forst., Phil. Tr. Ixii, 1772, 428.— Gm., Syst. Nat. i, 1788, 926.— WiLS., 

 Index, vi, 1812, p. xiii. 



Fringilla nivalis, WiLS., Am. Orn. ii, 1810, 129, pi. 16, f. 6.— NUTT., Man. i, 1832, 491. 



b. aikeni. 



Junco hyemalis var. aikeni (Ridgw., Mss.).— Aiken, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv, 1872, 201 (Colo- 

 rado).— Ridgw., Am. Nat. vii, 1873, 613, 615 (characterized by two white wing- 

 bands across tip of median and greater coverts, aud an additional feather of 

 the tail white).— CoUES, Check-list, App. No. 174» ; see Key, 1872, 141 (in text).— 

 B. B. & R., N. A. B. i, 1874, 584, pi. 26, fig. 6. 



J?n6.— Eastern Province of North America ; in the United States, seen as far west as 

 the Black Hills, thence trending northwest to Alaska. Some straggle southward, west 

 of the Rocky Mountains (Washington Territory, Surklry ; Utah, Hoishaw ; Colorado, 

 Aiken; Arizona, Coues). Breeds from Maine and New Hampshire northward, and in 

 mountains south to the Middle States, and even to the Graylock Range. Winters 

 from Iowa and Massachusetts, southward. No recorded extralimital localities. Var. 

 aikeni only as yet from mountains of Colorado. 



Lieutenant iVarren's Fjcimliiion.—lSm, Vermilion Rivor ; 5393, Cannon-ball Rivor; 

 8959, Black Hills. 



Not obtained by Captain Rayuolds' Expedition. 



Besides its general distribution, the course and periods of its migra- 

 tions, as well as its nesting and wintering, may be accurately traced by 

 the above indications. Dr. Ilaydon's specimen, No. St>.">!), probably 

 represents the extreme nonnal western range of the .species in the United 

 States. It breeds in mountains far south of the latitudes where it nests 



