1G6 GONIAPHEA LUDOVICIANA, ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK. 



breed will make capricious choice of particular spots and confine itself 

 to them. About Washington, it was most i)lentiful in the skirts of the 

 city itself, in gardens and orchards, and in fields about the edges of 

 w^oods. It abounds on the western i)rairies, to the edge of the sterile 

 plains. The fact of its becoming abundant in regions where it was 

 scarce before, is also attested, but remains unexplained. Thus, accord- 

 ing to Audubon, it was rare in Ohio, and Dr. Kirfland, writing in 1838, 

 aihuits the insufficiency of his authority, but believes it " to be an occa- 

 sional visitor ; " whereas Mr. J. M. Wheaton, commenting upon this 

 circumstance, in 1860, gives it as one of the most numerous birds of 

 that State. It is there known as the " Little Field Lark ; " while in 

 Illinois, Mr. Eidgway tells me, it is called " Judas-bird " and " Dick- 

 sissel," both names being in allusion to its song. 



GONIAPHEA LUDOVICIA^A, (Linn.) Bowd. 

 Eose-breasteil (iirosbeiik. 



Loxla ludovldana, Linn., Syst. Nat. i, 1766, 306.— WiLS., Am. Orn. ii, 1810, 135, pi. 17, f. 2. 



FrinijiUa hidoncicmu, Bp., Am. Oru. ii, 79, pi. 15, f. 2. — Bp., Syu. 1828, 113. — Nuxx.. Mau. 

 i, 1832, 527.— AuD., Oru. Biog. ii, 1834, 166 ; v, 1839, 513 ; pi. 127. 



Pyrrlmla liidoviciana, Sabine, Fraokliu's Jonrn. Zool. App. 675. 



Gidraca ludoviciaiia, Sw., Phil. Mag. i. 1827, 438.— Bp., List, 1838, 30; Consp. Av. i, 1850, 

 501.— Bd., B. N. a. 1858, 497.— Wheat., Ohio Agric. Rep. I860.— CouES &. 

 Prent., Smiths. Rep. 1861 (1362), 413 (WasliingtoD, D. C, summer, rare). — 

 Hayd., Rep. 1862, 168 (abuudant along Missouri). — Allen, Pr. Ess. lust, iv, 

 1864 (Spriugtield, Mass., summer, uot abuudaut). — Boakdm., Pr. Bost. See. is, 

 1862, 127 (Calais, Me., summer, rare). — Veki?., Pr. Ess. Inst, iii, 151 (Norway, 

 { Me., not common).- McIlwr., Pr. Ess. Inst, v, 1866, 90 (Hamilton, C. VV., sum- 



mer). — Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst, v, 1868, 284 (throughout New England). —Coues, 

 Pr. Bost. Soc. xii, 1868, 116 (South Carolina, rare, migratory). — Turnb., B. E. 

 Pa. 1869, 24 (May to Sept., rather rare).— Sumich., Mem. Bost. Soc. i, 1869, .5-52 

 (Vera Cruz, winter). — Mayn., Guide, 1870, 120 (Massachusetts, May to Sept., 

 common, breeds). — Mayn., Pr. Bost. Soc. siv, 1871, — (north to Quebec, 

 Couper). — Trippe, ibid. :s.v, 1872, 238 (Iowa, breeds). — Snow, B. Kaus lo73, 8. 



Coccothramtes (Guiraca) ludoviciana, Sw'. & Rich., F. B. A. ii, 1831, 271. 



Gonlaphca ludoviciana, "Bowditch." — Allen, Bull. M. C. Z. iii, 1872, 177 (Eastern 

 Kansas).— Coues, Key, 1872, 148, fig. 92. 



Coccoiorus ludoriciamis, AuD., Syu. 1839, lo3. — Aud., B. Am. iii, 1841, 209, iil. 205. — 

 Putn., Pr. Ess. lust, i, 1856, 212 (Massachusetts).— GiR., B. L. I. 1844, 133.— 

 Maxim., J. f. O. vi, 1858, 267.— Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst, vi, 1871, 117 (Minnesota). 



Eedymeles ludoriciaims, Cab., Mus. Heiu. i, 1851, 1853; J. f. O. iv, 1856, 9 (Cuba) ; 1861, 

 7 (Costa Rica).-SCL, P. Z. S. 1855, 133, 154 (Bogota); 1856, 301 (Cordova); 

 1859, 365 (Xalapa); 1860, 293 (Ecuador).— Scl. & Salv., Ibis, i, 1859, 17 

 (Guatemala).— ScL., Cat. 1862, 100 (Guatemala and Bogota). —Lawr., Ann. 

 Lye. N. Y. vii, 1861, 297 (Panama); viii, 18t)8, 287 (New York); ix, 1868, 102 

 (Costa Rica) ; 1869, 200 (Yucatan).- Allen, Mem. Bost. Soc. 1868, 496, 505, 517 

 (Iowa and Illinois).— B. B. & R., N. A. B. ii, 1874, 70, pi. 30, f. 4, 5. 



Coccoihratisies ndjricoUis, Vieill., Gal. Ois. 1, 1824, 67, pi. 58. 



Loxia roHca, Wils., lov. cit. 



Loxia ohsciira, Gm., Syst. Nat. i, 1788, 862.— Lath., Ind. Orn. i, 179, 379. 



Friiifjilla punicca, Gm., Syst. Nat. i, 1788, 921.— Lath., Ind. Orn. i, 1790, 444. 



Hab. — Eastern Province of North America, north to Labrador and the Saskatchewan. 

 Breeds from the Middle States northward. Winters in Mexico aud Central America. 

 South to Ecuador. Cuba. 



Liculenaiit Jrarreit^s Expedition. — 4848, Ponca Island; 4849, Vermilion River; 4850, 

 Running Water ; 4852, Bijoux Hills. 



Not obtained by Captaiu liaynolds' Expedition. 



I have nowhere found this beautiful bird more abundant than along 

 the Eed Kiver of the North, and there may be no locality where its 

 nidiflcation and breeding habits can be studied to greater advantage. 

 On entering the belt of noble timber that borders the liiver, in June, 

 we are almost sure to be saluted with the rich, rolling song of the rose- 



