620 LARUS GLAUCUS, GLAUCOUS, GULX. 



1^ Tarsus little if any longer than middle toe 

 and claw ; bill with a red spot, but an im- 

 pei'fect black band, if any; first primary 

 usually with the end broadly white; length, 

 about "20 — 22 inches delawahexsis var. californicus. 



2. Tarsus little if any longer than the middle 

 toe and claw ; bill slender, without a black 

 band or red spot ; size, very small; length, ■ 

 16 or — inches canus var. irachyrhynchus. 



LARUS GLAUCUS, Briiun. 

 Glaucous Gull; Burgomaster. 



Zarus glaucus, Brunn., Oru. Bor. 1764, 44.— Sab., Linn. Trans, xii, 757.— Temm., Man. ii, 



1820, 757.— BoiE, Isis, 1822, 562.— Steph., Geu. Zool. xiii, 1826, 189.— Flem., Br. 



Anim. 1828, 139,— Bp., Svn. 1828, 361 ; List, 1838, 03.— Sw. & EiCH., F. B. A. ii, 



1831, 416.— NuTT., Man. ii, 1834, 306.— Jen., Man. 1835, 279.— Eyt., Cat. Br. B. 



1836, 53.— Bkehm, V. D. 1831, 733.— Aud., Orn. Biog. v, 1839, 59, pi. 396; Syn. 



1839, 329 ; B. Am. vii, 1844, 170, pi. 449.— Naum., V. D. x, 1840, 350, pi. 264.— 



Keys. & Blas., Wirb. Eur. 1840, 96.— Macgil., Man. ii, 1842. 247.— GiR., B. L. 



I. 1844, 363.— ScHL., Rev. Crit. 1844, 125.— Gray, Gen. of B. iii, 1849, 654; List 



Br. B. 1863, 230.— Midd., Sib. Reise, ii, 1853, 241.— Lawr., B. N. A. 1858, 842.— 



Eeinh., Ibis, iii, 1861, 16.— Coues, Pr. A. N. S. 1861, 243 ; 1862, 294 ; Pr. Ess. 



Inst. V, 1868, 306; Key, 1872, 311.— Newt., Ibis, 1865, 509.— Schl., Mus. P.-B. 



iv, 1863, Lari, 4.— Lawr., Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii, 1866, 299.— Dai>l & Bann., Tr. 



Chic. Acad, i, 1869, 304. — Elliot, introd. B. N. A. fig. — . — Radde, Reiseu, ii, 



1863, 382 (Siberia).— Blas., J. f. O. 1865, 381. 

 Leucus glaums, Kaup, Sk. Ent. Eur. Thierw. 1829, 86.— Bp., Consp. Av. ii, 1856, 215 ; 



Compt. Rend, xlii, 1856, 770. 

 Plautus glaucus, Reicil, Syst. Av. pi. 47, figs. 316-17-18. 

 Laroides glaucus, Bruch, J. f. O. 1855, 281. 



Zarus glacialis, Benicken.— Macgil., Mem. Wern. Soc. v, 1824, 270.— Brehm, V. D. 732. 

 Glaucus glacialis, Bruch, J. f. 1853, 101, pi. 2, f. 14 (Schlegel says this ^^leucopterus). 

 Zaroiiles glacialis, Buuch, J. f. O. 1855, 282. 

 " Larus giganteus, Benicken." 



Zarus consul, BoiE, " Wied. Zool. Mag. i, 757.-'— Brehm, V. D. 1831, 735. 

 Glaucus consul, Bruch, J. f. O. 1853, 101. 

 Zarus islandicus, Edmonston, Mem. Wei-n. Soc. iv, 1822, pp. 176, 182 ; not of Edmon- 



STON, ibid. 1823, which = leucopterus. 

 Zarus hutchinsii, Rich., F. B. Am. ii, 1831, 419.— Cass., Pr. Phila. Acad. 1862, 290.— 



CouES, ibid. 294.— LAwai., Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii, 1866, 299.— Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst. 



V, 306.~Elliot, B. N. a. ii, pi. 53.— Dall & Bann., Tr. Chic. Acad, i, 1869, 304. 

 (l)Zeucus arcUcus, Bp., Consp. ii, 1856, 216. 

 " Zarus leucerftes, Schleep." 

 " Zarus Icuconotus, Auct." — (Bp.) (But what authors?) 



DiAG. Z.pallio albido aut dilute perlaceo, primariis similibus versus apices scnsim nee statim, 

 albis, staturd inter maximos. Long. 30 poll., rostr. et tars. 3 + jjo/L 



Hab. — Northern and Arctic Seas, circumpolar ; south in winter on the Atlantic coast 

 of North America to Long Island. 



Adult summer plumage. — Very large, nearly or quite equaling i. marmus. Bill large 

 and strong ; very wide, but not so deep at the angle nor so much arched toward the 

 termination of the culmeu as in marinus. Bill about as long as the middle toe and 

 clav?. Second primary nearly equaling the first. Bill chrome-yellow, with a tinge of 

 olivaceous, the tip diaphanous, the sides of the symphyseal eminence with a small spot 

 of vermilion. Mautle very light pearl-blue (or bluish-wliite). Primaries a shade 

 lighter than back, fading insensibly into pure white a considerable distance from their 

 tips. Shafts of primaries straw-yellow. Legs and feet pale flesh-color. Otherwise 

 vrholly white. 



Adult in winter. — The head and neck are streaked with pale brownish -gray. 



¥oung-of-the-year.^-^' Streaked longitudinally on the neck with pale wood-brown ; 

 the upper plumage barred transversely with ashy-gray aud grayish-yellow ; the tail 

 irregularly spotted. The shafts of the primaries white, and the spots on the webs 

 much paler tliau iu the young of Z. marinus and argentatus. Tlio bill horn-colored at 

 the base ; brownish-black at the tip. Feet flesh-colored." — [i?k/i.] 



Dimensions of adult. — Length, 30 inches ; extent of wings, 62 ; wing from carpus, 



