LARUS TRIDACTYLUS, KITTIWAKE GULL (345 



Larus trldactyhis, Linn., Fu. Suec. 55 ; Syst. Nat. i, 1766, 224.— Gm., Syst. Nat. i, 1788, 

 .595.— Lath.. lud. Orn. ii, 790, BIH.— Ektz., Fn. Suec. IdfJO, 154.— Nilss., Fn. 

 Siiec. ii, 174— SCH.EFI-., Mns. Oin. 1779, G4.— Mey. & Wolf, Tascb. Dents, ii, 

 1810, 486.— TEAt.M., Man. 1815, 502 ; ii, 1820, 774.— Vieill., Nouv. Diet, xxi, 1818. 

 503 ; Fn. Franr. 39.— Fabeh. Prod. Isl. Oin. 1820, — .— Buehm, Eur. Vof--. 1823. 

 705.— Bp., Svn, 1828. 359.— S\v. & Rich., F. B. A. ii, 1831, 423.— Nltt., Man. ii, 

 1834, 298.— JfEX., Man. 1835, 274.— Aud.. Orn. Biog. iii, 1835, 186, pi. 224 ; Syn. 

 1839. 326; B. A. vii, 1844. 146, pi. 444.— ScHixz, Enr. Fn. 1840, 385.— Nau.m., V. 

 D. X. 1840, 322. pi. 262.— Key.s. &. Blas., Wiib. Enr. 1840, 95.— Schl., Rev. Crit. 

 1844, 126.— DeKay, N. Y. Fauna, ii, 1844, 313.— Gm., B. L. I. 1844, 361.-Schl., 

 Mns. P.-B. iv, 1863, Lart, p. 30.— Coues, Key, 1872, 314. 



Gavia iridactyUi, BoiE, Isis, 1822, 563. 



Cheimonca Iridactyla, Kax'P, Sk. Ent. Enr. Thierw. 1829, 84. 



Laioidcts iridaclijla, Buehm, Y. D. 1831, 754. 



Ilissa tridacdjia, Bi'., List, 1838, 62 ; Cou.sp. Av. ii, 1856, 225 ; Couipt. Rend. 1856, 770.— 

 Macgil., Man. ii, 1842, 250.— Gray, Gen. of B. iii, l5p49, 655.— Bruch, J. f. O. 

 1853, — ; 1855, 284.— Lawr., B. N. A. 1858, 854.— Cox'es, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1861, 

 247; ibid 1862, 304. -Wheat., Ohio Aj^rlc. Rep. Ic60, No. 270 (Lake Michi- 

 gan).— Rn)G\v., Ann. Lvc. N. Y. x, 1874, 393 (the same).— Boardm., Pr. Bost. 

 Soc. ix, 1862, 131.— Veiii:., Pr. Ess. Inst, iii, 1862, 161.— Allen, ibid, iv, 1864, 

 90._C()UE8, ibid. V. 1868, 306.— Lawi:., Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii, 1866, 299.— Malmg., 

 J. f. O. 1865, 202.— Newt., Ibis, 1865, 50«.— Dall & Bann., Tr. Chic. Acad. 1869, 

 305 (? Kotzebi(i).—i:\:iiyv.., B. E. Pa. 1869, 38.— Finsch. Abb. Nat. iii, 1872 

 (^ Kolzebiti).—BL.\s., J. f. O. 1865, 384. 



Larufi nmviufi, ScHiEFP., Mns. Orn. 1779, 64. 



Lams torfjKalKs, "canii-s" et gavia, Pali.., Zoog. R. A. ii, 1811, 328, 329, 330. 



liitim briiiniirhii, Le.\CH, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii, 181, pi. 21. 



lUssa ciiieria, Eyt., Cat. Br. B. 1836, 52. 



Laroidc8 minor, Brehm, V. D. 1831, 756. 



Diag. L. pcdihus sub-indactylis, fusds, rostro fiavo-viresccnte . 



Hub. — Arctic regions of both hemispheres. South in winter on the Atlantic coast to 

 the Middle States. 



Bill rather longer than the tarsus, about equal to the middle toe without the claw, 

 stout at the base, tapering toward the tip, which is attenuated, acute, and decnrved. 

 Convexity of culmen regular from the base to the apex. Eniinentia symphysis mod- 

 erately developed, but acute. Gonys concave, as are also the rami. Nostrils rather far 

 forward, lateral, linear, direct. Feathers encroach far on the upper mandible, within a 

 tenth of an inch of the nostrils, and meet over the culmen some distance in front of 

 the base. Their extent on the sides of the lower mandible is much less, but between 

 the rami they reach to the apex of the mental space, which is narrow and acute ante 

 riorly. The formation of the palate as in Larus generally, but the ridges all broad and 

 distinct, more thickly covered with larger pai>illie than in most species. Tongue large, 

 fleshy, corneous only for its anterior half. Wings very long and acnte ; first primary 

 largest, second nearly equal to it, rest rai)idly graduated. Tail rather long for this 

 subfamily, perfectly square. Feet short and stout, the tarsus little compresswl ; the 

 reticulations on its posterior aspect, as well as on the inferior surface of the toes, 

 roughened and elevated into small conical papilla.'. The scntellation of the tarsus an- 

 teriorly breaks up into small polygonal reticulations some distance below the tibio- 

 tarsal joint. Anterior toes all long; the interdigital webs broad, full, with unincised 

 margins. Hallux typical of the genus. Claws short, stout, little arched, not very 

 acute, absent on the hallux. 



Adiill, brirdiiifi jiluiitafje.—Cnhn- of bill light yellow, clouded with olivaceous. Head 

 and neck m11 round, under parts and tail, pun- white. Mantle rather dark bluish or 

 cinercons-ltlue, the, tertiaries anil sccondariis of the same color nearly to their tip.s, 

 which are white. Primaries: the first very light bluish-white, w thont white ajtex, its 

 outer web, and its inner web for about two inches from the tip, black ; second like the 

 first, but without the black outer web, its tip beir g black for nearly the same distam-e 

 as the first, its apex with a minute white spot ; on the thiM and fourth the black tips 

 grow shorter, while the apices are more broadly white ; this lessening of the black on 

 each feiitliir is exactly ]iidi)ortioiial to the s'.iortening of the successive ([iiills. causing 

 the bases of all the black tips to be in tlu> .same stiaiglit line. A sub-apical black spot 

 is usually jiresiMit on one or both webs, but is sDuntimes absent, l^'gs and feet dusky 

 olive. 



Adult in irt»i/<r.— 0((ii»ut. napr behind, and sides of the breast, clouded over with 

 the color of the back, deepening mtt) slate over the auriculars. A very small but well- 

 delined ante-ocular lunula. Otherwise iis in summer. 



YiiKii/i.—WiW black; an anti-ocular lunula, and a post-ociilar .spot, du.sky slate. A 

 broad transverse bar iuio.ss the neck behind, the whole of the lesser ami median wing- 

 covert.s, the bastard quilLs, the tertiaries, e.\cepi at their edges, aud a terminal bar on 



