172 CARDINALIS VIRGINIAKUS, CARDINAL GROSBEAK. 



guishable. Those of Guiraca cceruica are the same in color, but of course 

 larger. But another species, commonly placed in the genus Cyanospiza, 

 namely, C. ciris^ lays an entirely different egg — pure white, heavily 

 speckled with reddish-brown, dark brown, or purplish-gray. This style 

 of egg is much as in Jujico, or in Spizella pusilla. 



CARDmALIS VIRGINIANUS, (Briss.) Bp. 

 Cardinal Grosbeak; Virginian Redbird. 



a. virginiamis. 



CoceofJiransfcs vbriiniana cardinalis dicta, Briss., Orn. iii, 1700, 252. 



Cardinalis vinjiniaints, Bp., List, 1838, 35 ; Consp. Av. i, 1850, 501. — Woodh., Sitgr. Rep. 

 1853," 81 (Texas aud Indian Territory).— Bd., B. N. A. 1858, 509.— Maxim., J. f. O. 

 vi, 1858, 268.— Wheat., Ohio Agric. Rep. 18G0, No. 162.— Coues & Pj:kxt., S. I. 

 Rep. 1861, 413 (Washington, D. C, resident, abundant). — Hayd., Rep. 18G2, 

 163. — Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst, iv, 1864, 85 (Massachusetts, accidental in summer, 

 on JSfHttaJVs authority). — Coues, ibid, v, 1868, 284 (the same). — Dress., Ibis, 

 1865, 491 (Texas).— La WR., Aim. Lye. N. Y. viii, 1866,286 (New York Island).— 

 TuRXi;., B. E. Pa. 1869, 24 (frequent, and wintering).- Allex. Bull. M. C. Z. iii, 

 1872, *78 (Kansas).— Coues, Key, 1872, 151, fig. 96.— Sxow, B. Kans. 1873, 8.— 

 B. B. & R., N. A. B. ii, 1874, lOO', pi. 30, f. 6, 7. 



Loxia cardinalis, Lixx., Syst. Nat. i, 1766, 300. — G.M , Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 847. — Lath., Ind. 

 Orn. i, 1790, 375.-^Wils., Am. Orn. ii, 1810, 38, pi. 6, f. 1, 2. 



FringilJa {Coccothraiistes) cardiiiaIis,Bv., Obs. Wils. 1825, No. 79. 



Coccothranstes cardinalis, Vieill., Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. 



FrinfjiUa cardinalis, Bp., Syu. 1828, 113. — Nutt., Man. i, 1832, 519. — Aud., Orn. Biog. 

 ii, 1834, 336, pi. 159. 



Pityhis cardinalis, Aud., Syn. 1839, 131; B. Am. iii. 1841, 198, pi. 203.— GiR., B. L. L 

 1844, 132.— Hoy, Smiths. Rep. 1864, 438 (Missouri). 



b. cocchieus. 



Cardinalis virginianus, ScL., P. Z. S. 1856, 302 (Cordova); 1859, 365 (Xalapa); Ibis, 1859, ■ 

 104; Cat. Am. B. 100 (in part).— Lawr., Aim. Lye. ix, 1860, 201 (Yucatan).— 

 Su.AiiCH., Mem. Bost. Soc. 1869, .552 (Vera Cruz). 



Cardinalis rinjinianus var. coccineiis, Ridgw., Am. Journ. Sci. — B. B. & R., N. A. B. ii, 

 1874, 99. 



c. ignetis. 



Cardinalis igneus, Bd., Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 305 (St. Lucas). — Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 



Jan. 1868 (South Arizona).— Elliot, B. N. A. pi. 16.— Coop., B. Cal. i, 1870, 238. 

 Cardinalis virginianus var. igneus, Coues, Key, 1872, 1851. — B. B. & R., N. A. B. ii, 1874, 



103, pi. 30, f. 10. 

 Cardinalis virginianus, Lawr., Ann. Lvc. N. Y. 1872 (Tres Marias). — Fixsch, Abh. Nat. 



1870, 339. 



d. carneus. 



Cardinalis carneus, Less., R. Z. 1843, 209 (Acapulco aud Realejo). — Bp., Consp. Av. i, 



1850, 501. 

 Cardinally virginianus var. carneus, Ridgw., Am. Journ. — B. B. & R., ii, 1874, 99. 



Hal). — The typical form from the Eastern United States, west to Kansas, Nebraska, 

 Indian Territory, Texas (and New Mexico?). North to the Middle States commonly, 

 to New York rarely, to Connecticut casually, to Massachusetts accidentally, and in the 

 West to Missouri. Not south of the Rio Grande. Stationary or scarcely migratory. 

 Var. coccineus is the resident form beyond the United States, through Eastern Mexico 

 to C(>-ntral America. More richly-colored, and without the grayish edgings of the 

 dorsal plumage. Var. igneus, in which the black frontlet is narrowed or wanting at 

 the base of 'the culmen, is from Arizona and Lower California, and southward. Var. 

 carneus, with stifi'ened coronal feathers, as in the very different C. phasniceus, is from 

 Western Mexico. The last-mentioned variety I have not seen ; the others run extremely 

 close to typical virginianus. 



Mr. Allen has prepared some Interestiug tables showing the range of variation in 

 this species and others. He finds the southern resident birds, as might be expected, 

 smaller than those of the Middle States. The former measure as follows : Males — 

 length, 7.75 to 9.10; extent, 11.00 to 11.78 ; wing, 3.50 to 3.85: tail, 3.40 to 4.20; tarsus, 



