PIPILO ERYTHROPHTHALMUS, TOWHEE BUNTING. 173 



0.62to0.80. Females— 7.50 to 8.75; 10.70 to 11.75; 3.25to2.85; 3.40to4.10; 0.62to0.75. 

 Average, male— 8.46 ; 11.43; 2.63; 3.87. Average, female— 8.27 ; 11.27; 3.53: 3.75. 



Lieutenant Wan'cn's Expedition. — 4854, Iowa Poiat. 



Not obtained Captaiu Rayuolds' or the later Exjieditions. 



The Cardinal lays rather a peculiar egg, some specimens reminding 

 one of a I^ight-Hawk's, in coloration at least, and others being more like 

 those of the Rose-breasted Grosbeak in the pattern of markings. The 

 ground is white, in all of about fifty cases noticed. The spotting is of 

 every shade of brown, from pale-reddish to heavy chocolate, but it is 

 usually rather dark, and there is a great show of the various purplish - 

 brown or stone-gray shell markings. The markings vary from fine 

 uniform dotting or marbling to heavy spotting, but I see none with very 

 large masses of color. Size a little over an inch by rather less than 

 three-fourths of an- inch, but very variable. The egg of Fyrrhuloxia 

 sinuata is altogether similar. 



PIPILO ERYTHROPHTHALMUS, (Linn.) Vieill. 

 Ground Robin; Marsli Robin; Towliee Bunting; C'hewink. 



a. eryfhroplithalmus. 



FringiUa cnjfhrophthahnus, Linn., Svst. Nat. i, 1766, 318.— Bp., Syu. 1828, 112.— NuTT., 

 Mau. i, 1832, 515.— Aud., Orn. Biog. i, 1832, 1.50 ; v, 1839,'511 ; pi. 29. 



Emberisa crylhrophthahna, Gji., S.vst. Nat. i, 1788, 874.^WiLS., vi, 1812, 90, \)\. 53. 



Pipilo enjthrophtkalmus, Vieill., Gal. Ois. i, 1824, 109, pi. 80. — Bp., List, 1838, 35. — Ax'D., 

 Syu. 1839, 124.— Aud., B. Am. iii, 1841, 167, pi. 195.— Gik., B. L. I. 1844, 124.— 

 Bp., Cousp. Av. i, 1850, 487.— Woodil, Sitgr. Rep. 1853, 81 (New Mexico (?), 

 Texas, and Indian Territory ).—Bd., B. N. A. 1858, 512.— Hayd., Rep. 1862, 168.— 

 Allen, Bnll. M. C. Z. iii, 1872, 178.— Coues, Kev, 1872, 151.— Snow, B. Kans. 

 1873, 8.— B. B. & R., N. A. B. ii, 1874, 106, 109,'pl. 31, f. 2, 3 ; and of authors 

 generally. 



PipiJo atei; Vieill., Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxiv, 1819, 292. 



b. aUeni. 



(Smaller, white-eyed, with less white on wings and taU. Florida.) 



Pipilo erythrophthalmus var. alleni, Coue.s, Am. Nat. v, 1871, 366 ; Key, 1872, 152. — B. B. 



& R., N. A. B. ii, 1874, 112, with tigs. 

 Pipilo leucopis, Mayn., B. of Fla. (in press). 



Hah. — Eastern Province of North America to Minnesota {Trippc), Canada (Ifcll- 

 irraith), aud Labrador (Auduhon). In northern portion.s of its range perfectly migratory, 

 aud only seen in summer. Resident in the Southern States, and even as high as Peun- 

 sylvauia, in sheltered situations (Turnhidl). Breeds in mo.st places thrunghout its 

 range. Reaches westward through part of Kansas, and on the Missouri River to about 

 43°. Fort Randall {Ilaijdcn). Meets var. arclicns in Northern Dakota. 



Lieutenant TTarren's Exped'ition.— 4S:)2. Iowa Point; 4835, St. Joseph's; 4834, Wood's 

 Bhitf ; 4828-29, 4833, 48;{<j, Bald Island, Missnnii River. 



Not obtained by Captain Rayuolds' Expedition. 



According to the authority last quoted on tiiis subject, extensive series of Ea.stern 

 PipiJo present the following measurements of the uuiles, the females being a little 

 smaller in each case : 



Northern sj)<!fiHie«s.— Length, 7.50 to 8.80 ; extent, 10.00 to 10.25 ; wing, 3.17 to 3.90 ; 

 tail, 3.30 to 3.93; tarsus, 0.98 to 1.13. Average: Length, 8.19; extent, 11.32; wing, 

 3.43; tail, 3.66; tarsus, l.Oti. 



Floridan upecimcnn (var. alleni). — Length, 7.20 to 8.50; extent, 9..5fl to 11.30; wing, 

 2.80to3..50; tail, 3.25 to 3.90; tarsus, 0.80 to 1.00. Average: Length, 7.88; extent, 

 9.88 ; wing, 3.1.3 ; tail, 3.56 ; tarsus, 0.94. 



The little difference in total length of Northern and Southern, compared with that 

 in tlio wing and in alar extent, is owing to the greater relative length of the tail of 

 the Floridan form. 



Audubon states that in the young the eye is sometimes yellowish-white, and th.at 

 occasionally the two eyes of the same individual are not of the same color. .\ late anony- 

 mous writer says that the eyes turn white in winter. The Floridan form ai>iK'ars to 

 be resident in that State, and to always bavo white or whitish eyes. Its song " is quite 



