PIPILO MACULATUS VAE. ARCTICUS, ARCTIC TOWHEE. 175 



come to lay three "rnnt" eggs. The gronud is white, but uniformly 

 ami so completely and thickly freckled in hue pattern with dull, ])ale 

 reddish-browu, as show as much of this color as of the white. The 

 Cow-bird's egg is minutely freckled iu the same way, but the colors are 

 darker and more sharply marked. 



Two broods of Towhees are usually reared each season, and sometimes 

 three. The young are very difi'erent from the adult, being streaky all 

 over ; yet at a very early age the black of the male, and the rich brown 

 ot the opposite sex, respectively appear. 



PIPILO MACULATUS var. ARTICUS, (Sw.) Coues. 

 Arctic Spotted Towliee. 



a. maculatus. 



Pipilo maculatus, Sw., Philos. Jonrn. 1827 (Mexico).— "Jard. & Selb., 111. pi. 31, 34."— 

 Bp., Consp. i, 1850, 487.— Scl., P. Z. S. 1838, 304 (Oaxaca) : 1859, 380.— Coues, 

 Key, 187*2, 152.— B. B. & R., N. A. B. ii, 1874, 105. 



b. oregonus. 



P'qnlo oregonus,B^jJL., Anu. Lye. N. Y. v, 1852, 6 (Oregon).— Bp., C. R. xxxvii, 1853, 



932 ; Consp. i, 1850, 487.- Bd., B. N. A. 1858, 513.— Coop. &. Suck.. N. H. Wash. 



Ter. I8(i0, 200.— Lord, Pr. Roy. Arty. lust, iv, 1864, 120 (British Columbia).— 



Coop., B. Cal. i, 1870, 241. 

 Pipilo maculatus var. oregonus, Coues, Key, 1872, 152. — B. B. & R., N. A. B. ii, 1874, 116, 



figs. 

 Frinf/illa arctica, AuD., Orn. Biog. v, 1839, 49, pi. 394, nee Sw. 

 P/>(7o arctica, Aud., Syn. 1839, 123; B. Am. iii, 1841, 164, pi. 194. 



c. arcticus. 



Pfirf/ita (Pijnlo) arctica, Sw. & Ricn., F. B. A. ii, 1831, 260, pis. 51, ^ , 52, 9 . 



Pipilo arcticus, Nutt., Man. i, 1832, 589; 2d ed. i, 1840,610. — Bp., List, 1838, 35; Consp. 

 i, 18.j0, 4i-!7. — Bell, Ann. Lye. N. Y. v, 1852, 7. — Woodii., Sitgr. Rep. 1853,81.— 

 Bd., B. N. a. 1858, 514 (also, var. suharcticus, Id., ibid. 515, iu text). — H.iydx., 

 Rep. 1862, 168.— Dress., Ibis, 1865, 492 (Texas).— Hold., Pr. Bost. Soc. 1872, 

 202 (Wyoming).— Stev., U. S. Geol. Surv. Ter. 1870, 465. 



Pipilo erythrophthaJmus var. arcticus, Allen, Bull. M. C. Z. iii, 1872, 178. 



Pipilo maculatus var. arcticus, Coues, Key, 1872, 1.52. — B. B. & R., N. A. B. ii, 1874, 119, 

 pi. 31, f. 5, 6. 



d. mcfjalonyx. 



Pipilo vminlomiT, Bd., B. N. A. 1858, 515, pi. 73.-ITeekm., P. R. R. Rep. x, 1859, pt. vi, 



51.— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 186;), 89.— Coop., B. Cal. i, 1870, 242. 

 Pipilo maculatus var. mcgalouyx, Coues, Key, 1872, 152.— B. 13. & R., N. A. B. ii, 1874, 113. 



i7a?>.— ]\Iiddle Province. North to I'lie Saskatchewan. South along the Rockj' Mount- 

 ains, where it runs into mci/alonux, of New Mexico, Arizona, and CaliCoruia; west to 

 Oregon aud Washington, then; inosculating with oregonus. East to about 43- north 

 latitude on the Missouri, where it meets erijthrophtlialmus. The typical Ibrm Mexicau. 



List of S2)eciinens. 



j 19277 



178 



Powder River.. 



Sept. 24, 1860 G. H. Trook 



8.00 



11.25 



3.50 I 



I- 



Lieutenant fl'arren's Expedition. — 4839-40-4.5, Bon Homme Island; 4841, The Tower; 

 4842-43-44-47, Bijonx Hills ; 5387, Fort Pierre ; 5389, Yellowstone River ; 5388-90, Fort 

 Lookout. 



Later Expeditions. — 60382-5, Wyoming. 



The connection of the several spotted Pipilos of the west and of Mexico, I beliovo 

 first n«t(;d l)y Dr. <S'(V«/(r, has been amply coiilirmed by subsc(|ueut invest igatiou. Tliey 

 umiUiistionably intergrade eomjiletely, funning gcogniphical races o.'"one spi'cies. Tho 

 (lucstion is. wbcthi-r to this series I'. eriithri>i>lilli(ttmuK sliould not also be added. In 

 tlie Key, 1 kept it apart and ])resented the considerations favoring this view, vi/., tho 

 entire absence of spotting on the scapuhirs and back, the stronger sexual distinctions, 

 aud the ditferent uote — the cry of tho wosteru species rosembliug that of tho Cat-bird. 



