394 TETEAO CANADENSIS VAR. FRANKLINI. 



BoxASA. Tail about as long as the wiug, rounded, of eighteen broad feathers. Sides 

 of neck with tnl"ts of very numerous, broad, soft leathers. No evident naked space ou 

 the neck. Tarsi bare below. 



Tktkao. Tail rather shorter than the wing, square, or little rounded, of sixteen to 

 twenty broad feathers. No peculiar feathers on the neck, nor evident naked spaces. 

 Tarsi feathered to the toes. 



Lagopus. Characters as in Tetrao, but the whole of the toes feathered. The species 

 turn white in winter. 



TETEAO CANADENSIS var. FEANKLINI, (Dougi.) Coues. 



Franklin's Spruce Grouse. 



a. canadensis proper (Caaada Grouse; Spruce Grouse). 



Tetrao canadensis, Linn., Syst. Nat. i, 1766, 274 (based on Edw., UrogaUus maculaius can- 

 adensis, 118, pi. 118, ^, and 71, pi. 71, 9; Briss., Bonasia fred-hudsonis, i, -p. 

 201).— Gm., Syst. Nat. i, 1788, 749.— Lath., Ind. Oru. ii, 1790, 637.— Fohst., Phil. 

 Trans. Ixii, 1772, 389.- Sab., Frankl. .Jonru. 683.— Vieill., Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. 



Nat. — , , — .— Bp., Syn. 1828, 127 ; Am. Orn. iii, 1830, pi. 21, fig. 1, 9 (not 



pi. 20, <y , which is \ai: franldini) ; Am. Phil. Trans, iii, 1830, 391 ; Comp. List, 

 1838, 44.— Sw. & Rich., F. B. A. ii, 1831, 346, pi. 62, 9 .— Nutt., Man. i, 1832, 

 667.— AuD., Orn. Biog. ii, 1834, 437; v, 18:30, .563; pi. 176; Syn. 1839, 203; B. 

 Am. V, 1842, 83, pi. 294.— Bd., B. N. A. 1858, 622.— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1861, 

 226.— PuTN., Pr. Ess. Inst, i, 224 (Gloucester, Mass. ; in hcndock woods, Sept. 

 1851). — Yerr., ibid, iii, 1862, 1.53 (resident near Umbagog Lakes, Me.). — Allen, 

 ibid, iv, 1864> 85.— McIlavr., ibid, v, 1866. 91.— Coues, ibid, v, 1868, 287.— Tkippe, 

 ibid, vi, 1871, 118 (Minnesota, abundant, breeds). — Boahdm., Pr. Bost. Soc. ix, 

 1862, 128 (Calais, Me. ; common, resident, breeds). — Dall & Bann., Tr. Chic. 

 Acad. 1869, 287 (Alaska).— Mayn., Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv, 1871, p. 27 (repaged).— 

 Mayx., Guide, 1870, 138 (Massachusetts). — Finscii, Abh. Nat. iii, 1872, 61 

 (Alaska).— Coues, Key, 1872, 233. 



Canace canadensis, Reich., Svst. Av. 1851, p. xxix. — Bp., Comptes Rondus, xlv, 1857, 

 428.— Elliot, Pr. A. N. S. 1864, 23 ; Mouog. Tetr. pi. — .-B. B. & E., N. A. B. 

 iii, 1874, 416, pi. .59, f. 5, 6. 



Tetrao canace, Linn., Syst. Nat. i, 1766, 275 (based on Bonasia canadensis, Briss.. Oru. i, 

 203, pi. 20, f. 1, 2). 



Spotted Grouse, Penn., Arct. Zool. ii, 307. — Latil, Syn. iv, 735. 



Spruce Partridge, Wood Partridge, Swamj) Partridge, Vulg. 



b. franMini. 



(?) Tetrao fusca, Ord, Guthrie's Geog. 2d Am. ed. ii, 1815, 317 (based on Small Broini 

 Pheasa)it,'LKWis & Clarke, Exp. ii, p. 182, probably this species). 



Tetrao canadensis, var., Bp., Am. Orn. iii, 1830, plate xx, vtale. 



Tetrao franklini, DouGL., Linn. Trans, xvi, 1829, 139 (Mounts Hood, Saint Helen, and 

 Baker).— Sw. & Rich., F. B. A. ii, 1831, 348, pi. 6, ^ (sources of the Missouri 

 to those of the Mackenzie).— Bd., B. N. A. 1858, 623.— Coop. & Sucic, N. H. 

 Wash. Ter. 1860, 220.— Coop., B. Cal. i, 1870, 529 (Rocky and Cascade Mount- 

 ains). — Lord, Pr. Roy. Arty. Inst, iv, 1863, 123. 



Canace franklini, Elliot, Pr. A. N. S. 1864, 23; Monog. Tctraonid(e, pi. — . 



Tetrao canadensis var. franklini, Coues, Key, 1872, 233. 



Canace canadensis \sn: franklini, B. B. & R., N. A. B. iii, 1874, 419, pi. .59, f. 3. 



Hab. — Northern North America east of the Rocky Mountains. South somewhat be- 

 yond the northern border of the United States. Var. franklini from the Northern 

 Rocky Mountains of the United States and northward ; also, Cascade Mountains. 



lu consequence of its boreal and alpine distribution, the Canada 

 Grouse is apparently not so well or generally known as our other spe- 

 cies. The cock-bird may always be recognized by the following char- 

 acters: Tail of sixteen feathers, rounded, black, with a broad orange- 

 brown terminal bar. No obviously i)eculiar feathers ou the side of the 

 ne(;k. Legs feathered to between the toes. The usual naked, colored 

 strip of skin over the eye. Prevailing color black, with numerous sharp 

 white bars and spots on the under parts, and ou the upper parts finely 

 waved with gray or tawny. Length, about 1(3 inches; wing, 7; tail, 5^. 

 The female is nowhere coutiuuously black, but much variegated witti 



