ZEN^DURA CAROLINENSIS, CAROLINA DOVE. 389 



Some years since a great flight of Pigeons occurred near Washington, 

 where for several days, in the fall, the woods were filled with the birds. 

 More or fewer are usually seen there every year, and I once killed a 

 specimen so newly from the nest as to cause me to believe that it had 

 been hatched in the vicinity. 



ZENtEDURA CAEOLINENSIS, (Linn.) Bp. 



Carolina Do\e; Common Dove. 



Columha carolinensis, Lixx., Syst. Nat. i, 1766, 286 (Turtur caroUncnsis, Gates., Car. i, 

 24 ; Briss. i, 110. pi. 8, li^. 1).— Gm., i, 1788, 787.— Lath., Ind. Oru. ii, 1790, G13.— 

 WiLS., Am. Oru. v, 1812, 91, pi. 43, iig. 1.-Bp., Obs. Wils. 1825, No. 159; Svn. 

 1828, 119.— NuTT., Mail, i, 1832, 626.— Aui)., O. B. i, 1831 , 91 ; v, 18.39, 555 ; pl.'lT. 



Ectojj'tstes cawlhietisis, Ricn., List. 1837. — Bp., List, 1338,41. — Aud., Syn. 1839, 195; B. Am. 

 V, 1842, 36, pi. 286.— WoODii., Sitgr. Rep. 1853, 92.— Newb., P. R. R. Rep. vi, 

 18.57, 92.— Hkerm., ibid, x, 1859, pt. vi, 60. 



Zenaidura carolincmis, Bp., Coiisp. ii, 1854, 84.— Bd., B. N. A. 1858, 604.— Kenn., P. R. R. 

 Rep. X, 1859, pt. iv, 33.— ScL., P. Z. S. 1856, 359 (Cordova) ; 1859, 391 (Oaxaca) ; 

 Ibis, i, 1859, 222 (Guatemala).— Coop. & Suck., N. H. Wasb. Ter. I860, 218.— 

 Taylok, Ibis, 1860, 227 (Houduias). — Hayd., Rep. 1862, 172. — Codes, Pr. 

 Pbila. Acad. 1866, 93 (Arizoua).— Dke.ss., Ibis, 1866, 24 (Texas).— Boap.dm., Pr. 

 Bost. Soc. ix, 1862, 127 (Maine, rare).— Allex, Pr. Ess. Inst, iv, 1864.75 (Massa- 

 chusetts, common). — Guxdl., Repert. 1866, 30 (Cuba). — McIlwr., Pr. Ess. Inst. 

 V, 1866, 91 (Canada \Ycst).— Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst, v, 1868, 287.— Lawii., Ann. Lye. 

 ix, 139 (Costa Rica) ; ix, 207 (Yucatan).— Coop., Am. Nat. iii, 1869, 81 ; B. Cal. 

 i, 1870, 512.— Allex, Bull. M. C. Z. iii, 1872, 181 (mountains of Colorado up to 

 11,000 feet).— Sxow, B. Kaus. 1873.— Aikex, Pr. Bost. Soc. 1872, 208.— Stev., 

 U. S. Geol. Surv. Ter. 1870, 465.— Coues, Key,- 1872, 226, lig. 146.— B. B. & R., 

 N. A. B. iii, 1874, 383, pi. 58, fig. 2. 



Perissura carolineti.sin, Cak., J. f. 0. 1856, 111 (Cuba). 



Chaniapclia carolinensis, Giebel, Nomeuc. Av. i, 633, 



Feristira caroUnetms, ScHL., M. P.-B. x, 1873, 142. 



Columha marginata, Lixx., Syst. Nat. i, 1766, 286.— Gm., i, 1788, 791. — Wagl., Syst. Av. 

 1827 ; Isis, 1831, 519. 



Ectopistes maryinata. Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 236, No. 9282. 



Ectopixles viargiiu'Uiifi, Wooon., Pr. Pbila. Acad. 1852, 104 ; Sitgr. Rep. 1853, 93, pi. 5. — 

 Gray, Hand-list, No. 9283. 



Zenaidura marginellus, Bp., Cousp. ii, 1854, 85. 



JIab. — United States from Atlantic to Pacific. Canada West {Mclliiraith). Cuba. 

 South to Panama. 



Lii'utoianl Warren^s Expcdilion. — 48.58, Cedar Islaud. 

 Later Expeditions. — 6046.5-66, 60770-71, Wyoming. 



Unlike the last, this species is of extensive if not universal distribu- 

 tion in the West, as in other parts of the United States. It is more 

 soutlierly, however, considering its whole range. It is not common in 

 the Eastern States beyond Southern New England, and I note but a 

 single instance of its occurrence in the British Provinces. The parallel 

 of 4(P is probably about its normal northern limit. i\Ir. Trippe does not 

 include it among the birds of JMinnesota. It is a regular migrant over 

 about the northern half of the United States, resident elsewhere. I 

 have found it alike abundant in all kinds of country I have visited — 

 even in the terribl(» alkaline deserts of the southwest, where its presence 

 is elu'cring evidence that water uiay be Ibund not far oil'. Its nidiliea- 

 tion varies greatly with circumstances, the nest being placed indiffer- 

 <Mitly on the ground, bushes, or trees; and even, according to some 

 writers, on fences, stumps, «S:c. The eggs, two iu number, and whit(^, 

 as usual in this I'amily, measure about 1^^ l)y 4. They are laid, accord- 

 ing to cMmate, from April throughout the summer. 1 have found it 

 nesting in various parts of bolii (he CaroUnas, there breeding chielly 

 on tlu ground, wliih' in Ari/.ona, wliere icjitilesor the most venomous 

 character abouiul, tiie bird seeks safety for its eggs by i)laciug the nest 



